Biorefinery Co-products: Phytochemicals, Primary Metabolites and Value-Added Biomass Processing -- Contents -- Series Preface -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- 1 An Overview of Biorefinery Technology -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Feedstock -- 1.3 Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass -- 1.3.1 Fast Pyrolysis and Hydrothermal Liquefaction -- 1.3.2 Gasification -- 1.4 Biochemical Conversion -- 1.4.1 Pretreatment -- 1.4.2 Enzymatic Hydrolysis -- 1.4.3 Fermentation -- 1.4.4 Pre-Pretreatment -- 1.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 2 Overview of the Chemistry of Primary and Secondary Plant Metabolites -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Primary Metabolites -- 2.2.1 Saccharides (Sugars) -- 2.2.2 Lignin -- 2.2.3 Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins -- 2.2.4 Fatty Acids, Lipids -- 2.2.5 Organic Acids -- 2.3 Secondary Metabolites -- 2.3.1 Simple Phenols and Phenolic Acids -- 2.3.2 Polyphenols -- 2.3.3 Terpenes -- 2.3.4 Alkaloids -- 2.4 Stability of Isolated Compounds -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Separation and Purification of Phytochemicals as Co-Products in Biorefineries -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Conventional Separation Approaches -- 3.2.1 Steam Distillation -- 3.2.2 Conventional Solid-Liquid Extraction -- 3.2.3 Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction -- 3.2.4 Microwave-Assisted Extraction -- 3.2.5 Pressurized Subcritical Liquid Extraction -- 3.3 Supercritical Fluid Extraction -- 3.4 Separation and Purification of Phytochemicals from Plant Extracts and Dilute Solution in Biorefineries -- 3.4.1 Liquid-Liquid Extraction -- 3.4.2 Membrane Separation -- 3.4.3 Molecular Distillation -- 3.5 Summary -- References -- 4 Phytochemicals from Corn: a Processing Perspective -- 4.1 Introduction: Corn Processes -- 4.1.1 Dry Milling -- 4.1.2 Wet Milling -- 4.1.3 Alternative Wet Milling Processes -- 4.1.4 Dry Grind -- 4.1.5 Alternative Dry Grind Processes.

4.1.6 Nixtamalization -- 4.2 Phytochemicals Found in Corn -- 4.2.1 Introduction -- 4.2.2 Phytosterols -- 4.2.3 Carotenoids -- 4.2.4 Polyamine Conjugates -- 4.3 Corn Processing Effects on Phytochemical Recovery -- 4.3.1 Research with Corn Fiber Obtained from Wet Milling and Dry-Grind-Based Processes -- 4.3.2 Research on Phytochemicals and the Nixtamalization Process -- 4.4 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Co-Products from Cereal and Oilseed Biorefinery Systems -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Cereals -- 5.2.1 Wheat -- 5.2.2 Barley -- 5.2.3 Sorghum -- 5.3 Oilseed Biorefineries -- 5.3.1 Oil- and Oilseed-Based Products -- 5.3.2 Industrial Products -- 5.4 Conclusions -- References -- 6 Bioactive Soy Co-Products -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Industrial Agricultural Biomass -- 6.1.2 Processing of Co- and Byproducts -- 6.1.3 Value Addition and Sustainability -- 6.2 Co-Products Obtained from Industrial Biorefineries -- 6.2.1 Cereal- and Legume-Based Industrial Co-Products -- 6.2.2 Legume Co-Products - Soy -- 6.3 Technologies Used to Extract Co-Products -- 6.3.1 Extractive Distillation -- 6.3.2 Adsorption -- 6.3.3 Membrane Separation -- 6.3.4 Supercritical and Subcritical Fluid Extractions -- 6.4 Bioactivities and Nutritional Value in Biorefinery Co-Products -- 6.4.1 Anti-Disease Properties -- 6.4.2 Food Products -- 6.4.3 Alternative Medicine -- 6.5 Modern Technologies for Efficient Delivery - Nanoencapsulation -- 6.5.1 Issues - Stability, Bioavailability and Toxicity -- 6.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects -- References -- 7 Production of Valuable Compounds by Supercritical Technology Using Residues from Sugarcane Processing -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Filter Cake -- 7.2.1 Supercritical Fluid Extraction -- 7.2.2 Extraction of Long-Chain Fatty Alcohols from Filter Cake.

7.3 Process Simulation for Estimating Manufacturing Cost of Extracts -- 7.3.1 Process Simulation -- 7.3.2 Manufacturing Cost -- 7.3.3 Manufacturing Cost Estimation of Sugarcane Wax -- 7.4 Hydrolysis of Bagasse with Sub/Supercritical Fluids -- 7.4.1 Biomass Conversion -- 7.4.2 Polysaccharide Hydrolysis -- 7.4.3 Hydrothermolysis -- 7.4.4 Hydrothermolysis of Sugarcane Bagasse -- 7.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8 Potential Value-Added Co-products from Citrus Fruit Processing -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Fruit Processing and Byproduct Streams -- 8.2.1 Polysaccharide Compositions of Dried Peel Pellets and Peel Molasses -- 8.2.2 Phytochemical Compositions of Dried Peel Pellets and Peel Molasses -- 8.3 Polysaccharides as Value-Added Products -- 8.3.1 Dietary Fiber -- 8.3.2 Peel Hydrolysis and Ethanol Production -- 8.3.3 Speciality Pectins -- 8.4 Phytonutrients as Value-Added Products -- 8.4.1 Flavonoid Glycosides -- 8.4.2 Polymethoxylated Flavones (PMFs) -- 8.4.3 Hydroxycinnamates -- 8.5 Fermentation and Production of Enhanced Byproducts -- 8.6 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Recovery of Leaf Protein for Animal Feed and High-Value Uses -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Methods of Separating Protein -- 9.2.1 Mechanical Pressing -- 9.2.2 Aqueous Extraction -- 9.2.3 Leaf/Stem Separation -- 9.2.4 Post-Fermentation Recovery -- 9.3 Protein Concentration -- 9.3.1 Steam Injection -- 9.3.2 Acid Precipitation -- 9.3.3 Ultrafiltration -- 9.3.4 Spray Drying -- 9.4 Uses for Leaf Protein -- 9.4.1 Leaf Protein as Animal Feed -- 9.4.2 Leaf Protein for Human Consumption -- 9.4.3 Leaf Protein for Enzyme Production -- 9.4.4 Leaf Protein for Bio-Based Chemicals -- 9.5 Integration with Biofuel Production -- 9.5.1 Advantages of Biofuel Integration -- 9.5.2 Analysis of Integration Economics -- 9.6 Conclusions -- References -- 10 Phytochemicals from Algae.

10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 Phytochemical Recovery from Biofuel-Destined Algal Biomass -- 10.1.2 Algae Biomass Utilisation -- 10.2 Commercial Applications of Algal Phytochemicals -- 10.2.1 Proteins -- 10.2.2 Lipids (i.e. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids) -- 10.2.3 Vitamins -- 10.2.4 Carotenoids -- 10.2.5 Phycobiliproteins -- 10.2.6 Phycocolloids -- 10.2.7 Phycosupplements -- 10.3 Production Techniques for Algal Phytochemicals -- 10.3.1 Microalgae Biomass Production -- 10.3.2 Macroalgae Biomass Production -- 10.3.3 Phytochemical-Directed Algae Production Techniques -- 10.3.4 Biorefinery Concept -- 10.4 Extraction Techniques for Algal Phytochemicals -- 10.4.1 Pre-Treatment Processes -- 10.4.2 Solvent Extraction -- 10.4.3 Supercritical Fluid Extraction -- 10.4.4 Expanded Bed Adsorption Chromatography -- 10.4.5 Pressurised Liquid Extraction -- 10.4.6 Unit Process in Commercial Phytochemical Extraction -- 10.5 Metabolic Engineering for Synthesis of Algae-Derived Compounds -- 10.5.1 Manipulation of Culture Conditions -- 10.5.2 Nuclear and Chloroplast Transformation -- 10.5.3 Expression of Recombinant Proteins -- 10.5.4 Augmented Fatty Acid Biosynthesis -- 10.5.5 Trophic Conversion of Microalgae -- 10.5.6 Re-Engineering Light-Harvesting Antenna Complexes -- 10.6 Phytochemical Market Evolution -- 10.7 Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 11 New Bioactive Natural Products from Canadian Boreal Forest -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Identification of New Bioactive Natural Products from Canadian Boreal Forest -- 11.2.1 Selection of Plant Species and Bio Guided Isolation Process -- 11.2.2 Diarylheptanoids from the Inner Bark Betula Papyrifera -- 11.2.3 Labdane Diterpenes from Larix Laricina -- 11.2.4 Phenolic Compounds from Populus Tremulo€ıdes Buds -- 11.2.5 Sesquiterpenes from Abies Balsamea.

11.3 Chemical Modification of Bioactive Natural Products from the Canadian Boreal Forest -- 11.3.1 Glycosidation of Triterpenoids from Outer Bark of B. papyrifera -- 11.4 Conclusion -- References -- 12 Pressurized Fluid Extraction and Analysis of Bioactive Compounds in Birch Bark -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Qualitative Analysis of Birch Bark -- 12.2.1 Antioxidant Assays -- 12.2.2 Antimicrobial Activity -- 12.2.3 Antitumour Activity -- 12.3 Quantitative Analysis of Bioactive Compounds in Birch -- 12.3.1 Terpenoids -- 12.3.2 Carbohydrates -- 12.3.3 Flavonoids -- 12.4 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array, Electrochemical and Mass Spectrometric Detection of Antioxidants -- 12.5 Extraction of Bioactive Compounds -- 12.5.1 Conventional Solid Liquid Extraction (SLE) -- 12.5.2 Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) -- 12.5.3 Pressurized Fluid Extraction (PFE) -- 12.6 Discussion and Future Perspectives -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 13 Adding Value to the Integrated Forest Biorefinery with Co-Products from Hemicellulose-Rich Pre-Pulping Extract -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.1.1 Why Hemicellulose -- 13.1.2 Increased Revenue -- 13.1.3 Hemicellulose Possibilities -- 13.2 Hemicellulose Recovery -- 13.2.1 Integration of Hemicellulose Extraction with the Current Pulping Process -- 13.2.2 Applications of Hot-Water Extraction -- 13.3 Hemicellulose Conversion -- 13.3.1 Hydrolysis of Hemicellulose Oligomers -- 13.3.2 Fermentation to Alcohols -- 13.3.3 Conversion of Extracts to Triacylglycerides (TAGs) -- 13.3.4 Hemicellulose Upgrading Via the Carboxylate Platform -- 13.3.5 Conversion to Tridecane -- 13.3.6 Fermentation to Commodity Chemicals -- 13.4 Process Economics -- 13.4.1 Integrating Extraction into an Existing Mill -- 13.4.2 Energy Cost for Extraction -- 13.5 Conclusion -- References.

14 Pyrolysis Bio-Oils from Temperate Forests: Fuels, Phytochemicals and Bioproducts.