Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- 1 Introduction to Biofuels -- 1.1 Global Scenario of Biofuel Production and Economy -- References -- 2 Advances in Biofuel Production -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Advances in the Production of First, Second and Third Generation Biofuels -- 2.2.1 Conventional and Advanced Biofuels -- 2.2.2 First Generation Biofuels -- 2.2.3 Second Generation Biofuels -- 2.2.4 Third Generation Biofuels -- 2.2.5 Solar Fuels -- 2.2.6 Bio-refineries -- 2.3 Future Trends of Biofuels Development -- 2.3.1 Advances in the Production of Biomass for Biofuels -- 2.3.2 Genetic Engineering -- 2.3.3 Fourth Generation Biofuels -- 2.3.4 Economic Aspects -- 2.3 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 Processing of Biofuels -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 First Generation Biofuels -- 3.1.2 Second Generation Biofuels -- 3.2 Biodiesel from Algae -- 3.2.1 Production of Algal Biomass -- 3.2.2 Oil Extraction -- 3.2.3 Transesterification / Base Catalysis -- 3.2.4 Pyrolysis -- 3.2.5 Hydroprocessing -- 3.3 Cellulosic Ethanol -- 3.3.1 Size Reduction -- 3.3.2 Enzymatic Hydrolysis -- 3.3.3 Chemical Method -- 3.3.4 Fermentation Process -- 3.4 Syngas -- 3.5 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Bioconversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Bioethanol Production -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Sources of Lignocellulosic Biomass -- 4.1.2 Lignocellulosic Biomass can be used for Bioethanol Production -- 4.2 Bioethanol Production Process -- 4.2.1 Pretreatment -- 4.2.2 Hydrolysis -- 4.2.3 Detoxification -- 4.2.4 Fermentation -- 4.2.5 Distillation -- 4.3 Genetic Engineering for Bioethanol Production -- 4.4 Future Perspective -- References -- 5 Recent Progress on Microbial Metabolic Engineering for the Conversion of Lignocellulose Waste for Biofuel Production -- 5.1 Introduction.

5.2 Role of Genetic and Metabolic Engineering in Biofuel Production -- 5.3 Problems with Different Biofuels and Areas of Improvement -- 5.3.1 Ethanol -- 5.3.2 Butanol -- 5.3.3 Higher lipids -- 5.3.4 Terpenoids -- 5.4 General Process of Metabolic Engineering -- 5.4.1 Host Organism Selection -- 5.4.2 Codon Optimization, Transformation and Selection -- 5.4.3 Fermentation Procedure -- 5.4.4 Fermentation Media -- 5.4.5 Fermentation Process -- 5.5 Metabolic Engineering in Different Microorganisms -- 5.5.1 E. Coli -- 5.5.2 Yeast -- 5.5.3 Clostridium Cellulolyticum -- 5.6 Conclusion -- 5.6.1 Areas of Research to Improve Biofuel Production -- References -- 6 Microbial Production of Biofuels -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Types of Biofuels Produced Through Microorganisms -- 6.2.1 Bioethanol -- 6.2.2 Butanol -- 6.2.3 Biodiesel -- 6.2.4 Biohydrogen -- 6.2.5 Biogas -- 6.3 Future Prospects and Conclusion -- References -- 7 Microalgae in Biofuel Production-Current Status and Future Prospects -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Microalgae in Biofuel Production -- 7.3 Comparison of Cyanobacteria with Microalgae in Biofuel Production -- 7.4 Applications of Cyanobacteria and Microalgae in Biofuel Production -- 7.4.1 Advantages of Microalgae over Higher Plants -- 7.4.2 SWOT Analysis of Microalgae in Biofuel Production -- 7.5 Selection of Microalgae for Biofuel Production -- 7.6 Cultivation of Microalgae for Production of Biofuel and Co-Products -- 7.7 Harvesting and Drying of Microalgae -- 7.8 Processing, Extraction and Separation of Microalgae -- 7.9 Biofuels and Co-Products from Microalgae -- 7.9.1 Biodiesel -- 7.9.2 Biohydrogen -- 7.9.3 Bioethanol -- 7.9.4 Biogas as Biofuel -- 7.9.5 Co-products -- 7.10 Challenges and Hurdles in Biofuel Production -- 7.10.1 Biotechnological Challenges -- 7.10.2 Ecological Challenges -- 7.10.3 Economic Challenges.

7.11 Genetic and Metabolic Engineering of Microalgae for Biofuel-Bioenergy Production -- 7.11.1 Potential Avenues of Genetic and Metabolic Engineering -- 7.11.2 Developments and Efforts Made by Many Countries -- 7.12 Conclusion and Future Prospectus -- References -- 8 Bioethanol Production Processes -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Global Market for Bioethanol and Future Prospects -- 8.3 Overall Process of Bioethanol Production -- 8.4 Production of Sugars from Raw Materials -- 8.4.1 Sugar Solution from Starchy Materials -- 8.4.2 Acid Hydrolysis of Starch -- 8.4.3 Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Starch -- 8.5 Characterization of Lignocellulosic Materials -- 8.5.1 Cellulose -- 8.5.2 Hemicellulose -- 8.5.3 Lignin -- 8.6 Sugar Solution from Lignocellulosic Materials -- 8.6.1 Chemical Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Materials -- 8.6.2 Pretreatment Prior to Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Materials -- 8.6.3 Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Materials -- 8.7 Basic Concepts of Fermentation -- 8.8 Conversion of Simple Sugars to Ethanol -- 8.9 Biochemical Basis for Ethanol Production from Hexoses -- 8.10 Biochemical Basis for Ethanol Production from Pentoses -- 8.11 Microorganisms Related to Ethanol Fermentation -- 8.11.1 Yeasts -- 8.11.2 Bacteria -- 8.11.3 Filamentous Fungi -- 8.12 Fermentation Processes -- 8.12.1 Batch Processes -- 8.12.2 Fed-batch Processes -- 8.12.3 Continuous Processes -- 8.12.4 Series Arranged Continuous Flow Fermentation -- 8.12.5 Strategies for Fermentation of Enzymatic Lignocellulosic Hydrolyzates -- 8.12.6 Separate Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Fermentation (SHF) -- 8.12.7 Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) -- 8.12.8 Comparison between Enzymatic and Acid Hydrolysis for Lignocellulosic Materials -- 8.13 Ethanol Recovery -- 8.14 Distillation -- 8.15 Alternative Processes for Ethanol Recovery and Purification.

8.16 Ethanol Dehydration -- 8.16.1 Molecular Sieve Adsorption -- 8.16.2 Membrane Technology -- 8.17 Distillers' Dried Grains with Solubles -- 8.18 Sustainability of Bioethanol Production -- 8.19 Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects -- References -- 9 Production of Butanol: A Biofuel -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Butanol and its Properties -- 9.3 Butanol as Fuel -- 9.4 Industrial applications of Butanol and its Derivatives -- 9.5 Methods for Production of Butanol -- 9.5.1 Chemical Method -- 9.5.2 Biological Method -- 9.6 In situ Separation Techniques for Butanol -- 9.6.1 Gas stripping -- 9.6.2 Adsorption -- 9.6.3 Liquid-liquid extraction (Perstraction) -- 9.6.4 Pervaporation -- 9.6.5 Vacuum Distillation -- 9.7 Future Prospects -- References -- 10 Production of Biodiesel from Various Sources -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Sources/Feedstocks for the Production of Biodiesel -- 10.2.1 Production of Biodiesel from Plants -- 10.2.2 Producton of Biodiesel using Bacteria -- 10.2.3 Production of Biodiesel from Fungi -- 10.2.4 Production of Biodiesel from Waste Water -- 10.2.5 Production of Biodiesel from Microalgae -- 10.3 Various Processes of Biodiesel Production -- 10.3.1 Trans-esterification -- 10.3.2 Micro-emulsion -- 10.3.3 Thermal Cracking (Pyrolysis) -- 10.3.4 Strategies for the Production of Biodiesel from Microalgae -- 10.3.5 Production of Biodiesel by Heterotrophic Cultivation -- 10.4 Determination of Yield, Process Optimization and Biodiesel Standardization -- 10.5 Conclusion -- References -- 11 Bio-Hydrogen Production: Current Scenarios and Future Prospects -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Conventional Methods of Hydrogen Production -- 11.2.1 The Steam Reforming Process -- 11.2.2 The Reaction of Steam with Carbon -- 11.2.3 Electrolytic Production of Hydrogen -- 11.2.4 Thermal Decomposition of Water to Produce Hydrogen.

11.2.5 Chemical Interaction of Hydrogen from Water -- 11.3 Hydrogen from Renewables Sources -- 11.3.1 Hydrogen Production by Biomass -- 11.3.2 Hydrogen Production from Renewable Sources Other than Biomass -- 11.4 Methods of Hydrogen Production through Bio-Routes involving Biochemical Processes -- 11.4.1 Hydrogen Production from Biomass-Derived Fuels -- 11.4.2 Hydrogen from Biomass through Gasification -- 11.4.3 Hydrogen Production via Bio-photolysis -- 11.4.4 Hydrogen Production through Photo-Fermentation -- 11.4.5 Hydrogen Production from Dark Fermentation -- 11.4.6 Hydrogen Production by Biological Water Gas Shift Reaction -- 11.5 Recent Advancement in Production of Bio-Hydrogen -- 11.5.1 Hydrogen Production from Bio-Oil -- 11.5.2 Hydrogen Production from Syngas -- 11.5.3 Hydrogen Production from Photofermentation -- 11.5.4 Hydrogen Production from Dark Fermentation (DF) -- 11.5.5 Hydrogen Production from Integrated Technologies -- 11.6 Status of Biohydrogen Production -- 11.7 Conclusions -- References -- 12 Biomethane Production -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Features of Biomethane -- 12.2.1 Advantages -- 12.2.2 Advantages over Methane -- 12.2.3 Cost Estimation -- 12.2.4 Utility -- 12.3 Global Scenario of Biomethane -- 12.4 Biomethane Production - Waste to Fuel Technology -- 12.4.1 Components of the Biogas Plant -- 12.4.2 Pretreatment -- 12.4.3 Biogas Production -- 12.5 Biogas Cleaning and Upgrading -- 12.5.1 Removal of Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) -- 12.5.2 Removal of Oxygen -- 12.5.3 Removal of Nitrogen -- 12.5.4 Removal of Ammonia -- 12.5.5 Removal of Siloxanes -- 12.5.6 Removal of Halogenated Hydrocarbons -- 12.5.7 Removal of Particulates -- 12.5.8 Removal of Water Vapor -- 12.5.9 Removal of Carbon Dioxide -- 12.6 Conclusions -- References -- Index.