Sustainable Resource Development -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Preface -- Introduction -- 1 A True Sustainability Criterion and Its Implications -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Importance of a Sustainability Criterion -- 1.3 Criterion: The Switch that Determines Direction at a Bifurcation Point -- 1.3.1 Some Applications of the Criterion -- 1.4 Current Practices in Petroleum Engineering -- 1.4.1 Problems of Current Operations -- 1.4.2 Problems in Technological Development -- 1.5 Development of a Sustainable Model -- 1.6 Violation of Characteristic Time -- 1.7 Analogies with Physical Phenomena -- 1.8 Intangible Cause to Tangible Consequence -- 1.9 Removable Discontinuities: Phases and Renewability of Materials -- 1.10 Rebalancing Mass and Energy -- 1.11 Holes in the Current Energy Model -- 1.11.1 Supplementing the Mass Balance Equation -- 1.12 Tools Needed for Sustainable Petroleum Operations -- 1.13 Conditions of Sustainability -- 1.14 Sustainability Indicators -- 1.15 Assessing the Overall Performance of a Process -- 2 "Alternative" and Conventional Energy Sources: Trail-Mix, Tom Mix or Global Mixup? -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Global Energy Scenario -- 2.2.1 The Whole-Earth Catalog of All Energy Sources -- 2.2.2 The Catalog of Alternatives to Fossil Fuel -- 2.3 Solar Energy -- 2.4 Hydroelectric Power -- 2.5 Ocean Thermal, Wave and Tidal Energy -- 2.6 Wind Energy -- 2.7 Bioenergy -- 2.8 Fuelwood -- 2.9 Bioethanol -- 2.10 Biodiesel -- 2.11 Nuclear Power -- 2.12 Geothermal Energy -- 2.13 Hydrogen Energy -- 2.14 Global Efficiency -- 2.15 Solar Energy -- 2.15.1 Solar Energy to Electricity Conversion -- 2.15.1.1 PV Cells -- 2.15.1.2 Battery Life-Cycle in Photovoltaic Systems -- 2.15.1.3 Compact Fluorescent Lamp -- 2.15.2 Global Efficiency of the Direct Application of Solar Energy -- 2.15.2.1 Global Efficiency of a Steam Power Plant to Cooling System.

2.15.3 Combined-Cycle Technology -- 2.15.4 Hydroelectricity to Electric Stove -- 2.15.5 Global Efficiency of Biomass Energy -- 2.15.6 Global Efficiency of Nuclear Power -- 2.16 "Global Warming" -- 2.16.1 Carbon Dioxide and Global Warming -- 2.16.2 Nuclear Energy and Global Warming -- 2.17 Impact of Energy Technology and Policy -- 2.18 Energy Demand in Emerging Economies -- 2.19 Conventional Global Energy Model -- 2.20 Renewable vs Non-renewable: Is There a Boundary? -- 2.21 Knowledge-Enriched Global Energy Model -- 2.22 Conclusions -- 3 Electricity and Sustainability -- 3.1 Electrical Power as the World's Premier Non-Primary Energy Source -- 3.2 Consequences of the Ubiquity of Electric Power Services -- 3.2.1 The R-D-R' Cycle -- 3.2.2 Electrical Services as a Private Monopoly, in Light of the R-D-R' Cycle -- 3.3 The Last Twenty Years of "Electrical Services Reform" in the United States -- Document -- Introduction -- A. History of the U.S. Electric Power Industry, 1882-1991 -- Beginnings: 1882-1900 -- Era of Private Utilities: 1901-1932 -- Emergence of Federal Power: 1933-1950 -- 1933-1941 -- 1942-1950 -- Utility Prosperity: 1951-1970 -- The 1950s -- The 1960s -- Years of Challenge: 1971-1984 -- The 1970s -- The Early 1980s -- Non-Utility Growth: The Late 1980s -- 4 The Zero-Waste Concept and Its Applications -- Part A. Petroleum Engineering Applications -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Petroleum Refining -- 4.2.1 Zero-Waste Approach To Refining Processes -- 4.3 Zero-Waste Impacts on Product Life Cycle (Transportation, Use, and End-of-Life) -- 4.4 No-Flaring Technique -- 4.4.1 Solid-Liquid Separation -- 4.4.2 Liquid-Liquid Separation -- 4.4.3 Gas-Gas Separation -- 4.4.4 Overall Plan of No-Flare Design -- Part B. Other Applications of the 'Zero-Waste' Principle -- 4.5 Zero-Waste Living and the Anaerobic Biodigester.

Estimation of the Biogas and Ammonia Production -- 4.6 Solar Aquatic Process Purifies Waste (including Desal-inated) Water -- 4.6.1 The Solar Aquatic Process -- 4.7 Last Word -- Document -- Editor's Introduction to a Semi-Official View of U.S. Petroleum Refinery Waste and Waste-Regulation Practices -- Comments on EPA's Handling Since 1995 of the Regulation of Refinery Wastes -- Section I. Introduction -- A. Description of the Commenters -- B. Summary of the Comments -- C. Accompanying and Referenced Reports -- Section II. The Noda Groundwater Risk Assessment -- A. Ineffectiveness of the TCLP on Oily/Tarry Wastes -- B. TCLP Fails to Account for Co-disposal with Solvents or Oils -- C. Failure to Consider Impacts of Existing Groundwater Contamination -- Additional Observations -- D. Arbitrarily Short Landfill Active Life -- E. Inadequate Consideration of Co-Disposal -- 1. The Co-disposal of Individual Wastes at Offsite Landfills -- Additional Observations -- 2. Co-disposal of Wastes Covered by Listing Determination and Related Study -- 3. The Co-Disposal of Wastes Not Covered by the Listing Determination and Related Study -- F. Location of Receptor Well Outside the Plume Centerline -- G. Landfill Area -- H. Improper Consideration of Air Dried Samples -- I. Impact of Selected Groundwater Modeling Revisions -- Additional Observations -- J. Inappropriate TC Capped Modeling -- Section III. The Noda LTU Risk Assessment -- Section IV. Waste Management Practices Not Assessed -- Section V. Exclusion for Oil-Bearing Materials Inserted Into Coker -- Section VI. Headworks Exemption -- Section VII. Individual Waste Listing Determinations -- A. Crude Oil Storage Tank Sludge -- B. CSO Sludge -- C. Unleaded Gasoline Storage Tank Sludge -- D. Off-Spec Products and Fines from Thermal Processes -- E. HF Alkylation Sludge -- F. Hydrotreating/Hydrorefining Catalyst.

Section VIII. Conclusion -- 5 Natural Gas -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Divergence of Energy Commodity Pricing From Laws of Supply and Demand -- 5.3 Sustainability and the Increasing Fascination with Natural Gas -- 5.3.1 Is Natural Gas Always Either"Non-Renewable" and-or "Fossil" - or Has There Been a Failure to Renew Thinking, Followed by Fossilization of View? -- 5.4 Natural Gas Pricing, Markets, Risk Management, and Supply -- 5.4.1 Some Ongoing Features of Natural Gas Pricing in The U.S -- 5.4.2 The Regulation-Deregulation Nexus -- 5.4.3 Derivatives, "Risk Management," and Volatilization of Energy Commodity Pricing -- 5.4.4 North American Supplies of Natural Gas -- 5.4.5 Significant Historical Features of Natural Gas' Increased Profile in US Domestic Energy Consumption -- 5.5 Natural Gas in Eurasia -- 5.6 Nature As The New Model -- 5.6.1 Greater and Deeper Research is Needed Into the Way Out of the Present Crisis and the Way Forward -- Documents -- A. Canadian Gas Exports and Imports -- A.l Analysis of the Data of Reality -- A.2 Overview - 2007 -- A.3 Exports -- A.4 Imports -- A.5 Prices and Revenues -- A.6 Outlook -- B. The Unnatural History of a "Natural Monopoly" -- 6 OPEC - The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries -- 6.1 Birthmarks - The First Twenty Years -- 6.2 OPEC's Hard Choices in the Era of the Bush Doctrine -- 6.3 Monopoly, Cartel, Rentier - or Instrumentality for Economic Independence? -- 6.4 Postscript (Friday 21 October 2011) -- 7 Concluding Remarks -- Appendix: The Economics of Information and the Intentions of Professor Joseph Stiglitz -- Opening Comment -- A1 Taking Economics Backward As Science -- A2 Developing a Theory of Marginal Information Utility Based on "The Alternative Approach of Beginning with Highly Simplified, Quite Concrete Models" -- A3 Imperfections of Information, or Oligopoly and Monopoly? -- A4 Afterword.

Bibliography -- Introductory Note -- I. Bibliography -- II. Websites -- Index.