Cover -- Title Page -- Contents -- Environment and Development -- About the Editors and Authors -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- CHAPTER 1 SEA and Policy Formulation -- Introduction -- Evolution of SEA -- Impact-Based SEA -- Applying SEA to Plans and Programs -- Applying SEA to Policies -- Toward an "Institution-Centered" SEA Approach -- Notes -- References -- CHAPTER 2 Policy-Level Strategic Environmental Assessments: Process Integration and Incentives of Policy Proponents -- Introduction -- Case Studies -- Argentina: Policy Reform in Water and Sanitation Sectors -- Canada: SEA for NAFTA -- The Czech Republic: Tourism Policy -- The Slovak Republic: Energy Policy 2000 -- South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal Trade and Industrial Development Policy -- Analysis of Case Studies -- Results Viewed in the Context of Integration -- Integration and Concerns about Watering Down Attention to the Environment -- Assessments of SEA Requirements for Policy Proposals in Canada and the Netherlands -- Audit of Canadian Cabinet Directive on SEA (2004) -- Evaluation of the Netherlands' E-Test -- Lessons Learned -- Conclusions -- Fostering Interaction between SEA Teams and Policy Designers -- Creating Incentives for Compliance -- Fostering Organizational Learning -- Gaining High-Level Commitment -- Notes -- References -- CHAPTER 3 The Continuous Process of Policy Formation -- Introduction -- Policy Formation as Decision Making -- The Rational Decision-Making Model -- Assumption about information -- Assumption of unitary actors -- Assumptions about the nature of the problem -- The Garbage Can Model of Decision Making -- The garbage can model and policy making -- Policy formation and path dependency -- Limitations of and lessons from the garbage can model -- Policy Formation as a Continuous Process -- Managing Uncertainty -- Managing Ambiguity.

A Model of Continuous Policy Formation -- Conclusion -- Note -- References -- CHAPTER 4 Toward Environmental Priority Setting in Development -- Introduction -- Background -- Comparative Risk Analysis -- Economic Damage Assessment -- Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- Bibliography -- CHAPTER 5 Giving the Most Vulnerable a Voice -- Introduction -- Why the Vulnerable Should Be Involved in Policy Formulation -- Definition of the Vulnerable and How They Are Affected -- Natural Resource Management -- Environmental Health -- Waste Management -- Natural Disasters and Climate Change -- Creation of an Enabling Environment in Which the Vulnerable Can Be Heard -- Entry Points for Giving Vulnerable Groups Voice -- Levels of Participation in Policy Processes -- Tools for Giving the Vulnerable Voice -- Stakeholder Analysis -- Institutional Analysis -- Social Impact Analysis -- Beneficiary Assessment and Participatory Poverty Assessment -- Citizen Report Cards and Community Scorecards -- Case Studies -- Participatory Budgeting and Environmental Management in Porto Alegre, Brazil -- Process -- Findings and impact -- Why the voice of vulnerable groups was heard -- Policy toward Pastoralists in Mongolia -- Process -- Findings and impact -- Why the voice of vulnerable groups was heard -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- CHAPTER 6 Building and Reinforcing Social Accountability for Improved Environmental Governance -- Introduction -- Definitions and Causal Linkages -- Accountability -- Transparency -- Constituency -- The state as a set of constituencies -- Civil society and civil society organizations -- Constituency lifetimes -- Participation -- Strength of the State -- Causal Linkages -- Policy Making and Linearity -- Engines of Environmental Accountability -- Externalities and Constituencies -- The Danger from Elites -- Linking the Key Variables -- Case Studies.

Reducing Air Pollution in Delhi -- Critical success factors -- Cautionary notes -- Using Public Disclosure to Abate Pollution in Indonesia -- Critical success factors -- Cautionary notes -- Patterns and Themes -- Accountability -- Transparency -- Constituencies -- The Role of Civil Society Organizations -- The Legal Environment -- The Process of Public Decision Making -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- CHAPTER 7 Learning in Environmental Policy Making and Implementation -- Introduction -- What Is Organizational Learning? -- Framing Policy Learning -- Cases of Policy Learning -- Brazil: Making Policy in a Patrimonial Context -- South Africa: Making Environmental and Educational Concerns Relevant to Citizens -- Conclusions -- Priority or Agenda Setting -- Stakeholder Representation in Policy Formulation -- Accountability in Implementation -- Notes -- References -- CHAPTER 8 Using Strategic Environmental Assessments to Design and Implement Public Policy -- Introduction -- SEA for Policies -- Policy Formation and Challenges for Applying SEA -- Policy Formation Is Continuous -- Historical Events Shape and Lock in Policies -- Elite Capture and Vested Interests Influence Policy Design and Implementation -- Policy Making Is a Complex-and Inherently Political-Process -- Proposed Policy SEA Approach -- Analytical Work -- Identifying environmental priorities -- Technical analysis -- Institutional analysis -- Participatory Approaches -- Identifying weak and vulnerable stakeholders -- Enhancing the voice of environmentally vulnerable groups -- Reinforcing social accountability -- Learning Processes -- Lessons from Good Practice -- Setting Priorities to Periodically Reevaluate Goals and Raise Attention -- Ensuring that the Voice of the Most Vulnerable Is Heard -- Reinforcing Social Accountability.

Incorporating Learning in Environmental Policy Making and Implementation -- Conclusions and Future Directions -- Notes -- References -- Index -- Back Cover.