Preface -- Technology Policy in the Process of Change: Changing Paradigms in Research and Technology Policy? -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Traditional Motives for Public R&T Policy -- 3 From Material Technology to Technological Practice -- 4 The Crisis of Growth-oriented R&T Policy -- 5 The Role of Technology Policy: Support or Regulation? -- 6 R&T Policy as a Social Experiment -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- From Socio-economic to Socially Oriented Innovation Policy -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Socio-economic Innovation Policy -- 2.1 Conventional Wisdom -- 2.2 Institutional Implementation -- 2.3 Socially Oriented Technology Policy -- 3 The Dualistic Model of Technology Policy -- 4 Socially Oriented Innovation Policy -- 4.1 The Limitations of Socio-economic Innovation Policies -- 4.2 The Nature of Socially Oriented Innovation Policies -- 4.3 Neo-Taylorist and Skill-Based Manufacturing Trajectories -- 5 Socially Oriented Innovation Policy Institutions -- 5.1 Technology Transfer and Diffusion Mechanisms -- 5.2 Management and the Development of Human Capital Incentives -- 5.3 Workers Representatives and Concrete Codetermination Support -- 5.4 Nationally Based Skill Formation Restructuring -- 6 European Promotion of Human Centred or Anthropocentric Systems -- 6.1 European Projects and Programmes -- 6.2 The Socio-technical Trajectory Defined -- 6.3 Key Issues of Human Centred System Promotion -- 6.3.1 Direct Promotion -- 6.3.2 Technology Orientation -- 6.3.3 Social Orientation -- 7 Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Technology Policy: The Interaction between Governments and Markets -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Some Characteristics of Technological Change and Technology Policy -- 3 How Technology Policy is Formulated and Implemented in Practice -- 3.1 The Usefulness of Theory as a Basis for Technology Policy -- 3.2 Imitation - A Common Mode of Technology Policy-making.

3.3 Lobbying as a Mechanism behind Technology Policy -- 3.4 "Diagnostic Analyses" - an Alternative Basis for Technology Policy-making -- 4 Objectives of Technology Policy -- 5 Reasons for State Intervention in the Process of Technological Change -- 6 Instruments of Technology Policy -- Notes -- References -- Promote or Regulate: The Dilemma of Innovation Policy -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Technology Policy and Technological Innovation -- 2.1 The Scope of Technology Policy -- 2.2 Definition of Technological Innovation -- 2.3 The Role of Technological Innovation in the Economy -- 3 The Perceived Need for Innovation Policy -- 3.1 Reduction of Risk for Private Enterprise -- 3.2 Public Requirements for New Technologies -- 3.3 Directing Private Innovation toward Public Needs -- 4 Ways of Promoting Innovation -- 4.1 A Taxonomy of Possible Support Measures -- 4.2 Research and Development -- 4.3 Direct Support for Innovation -- 4.4 Procurement -- 5 Need for Regulation -- 5.1 Adequacy and Compatibility of Products -- 5.2 Safety and Health -- 5.3 Environmental Protection -- 6 Modes of Regulation -- 7 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- New Technology Policy Concepts: Some Reflections on Technology and Work Humanization in West Germany -- 1 Introduction -- 2 New Technology Policy Concepts -- 3 Traditional Limitations of Work Design Reforms and Programmes -- 4 The Japanese Challenge -- 5 National Conditions of NTPCs -- 6 Background and History of the West German Humanization of Work Programme -- 6.1 International Background -- 6.2 Key National Influences -- 6.3 Three Phases of the Programme -- 7 New Technology Policy Concepts in the West German Humanization of Work Programme -- 7.1 Overview -- 7.2 The Complex Nature and Tensions within NTPCs -- 7.3 The Impact and Significance of the NTPCs -- 7.3.1 Management Domination of Investment Strategies.

7.3.2 Lack of Programme Integration -- 7.3.3 Problems of Diffusion -- 7.3.4 Indirect Benefits -- 8 Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Designing Sustainability of Industrial Society -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Ecological Structural and Technological Change of the Economy -- 2.1 De-linking Economic Growth from Environmentally Significant Inputs -- 2.2 Examples of Successful and Unsuccessful De-linking -- 2.3 Trends Towards Industrial Restructuring -- 3 Preventive Environmental Policy -- 3.1 Environmental Expenditures - Environmental Damages -- 3.2 Basic Conditions of Preventive Environmental Policy -- 3.3 Environmental Impact Assessment as Part of Preventive Policy -- 4 Ecological Orientation of Economic Policy -- 4.1 Conflicts between Economy and Ecology -- 4.2 Ecological Self-Regulation of the Economy -- 4.3 Ecological Economic Policy -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Constructive Technology Assessment: A New Approach for Technology Assessment Developed in the Netherlands and its Significance for Technology Policy -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Social and Environmental Consequences of Technology: The Emergence of Technology Assessment -- 3 Science and Technology Policy in the Netherlands and their Broader Concerns -- 4 Technology Assessment in the Netherlands -- 5 The Idea of "Constructive Technology Assessment" -- 6 CTA: Experiences of NOTA -- 6.1 CTA Case Studies -- 6.2 Technology Dynamics -- 6.3 Constructive TA Projects by NOTA -- 6.4 Dissemination Activities -- 7 The Future of Constructive Technology Assessment -- 8 The Significance of Constructive TA for Technology Policy -- References -- Integrating Social and Environmental Costs into High-tech Industrial Development Planning: Experiences and Expectations in the United States -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Regional Economics and the High-tech Solution? -- 3 The Problematic Panacea -- 4 A Mixed Blessing.

5 The Curious Case of Groundwater Management -- 6 Additional Environmental and Social Costs -- 7 Towards a Sustainable Perspective -- 8 Re-orienting Economic Institutions -- 9 Conclusions -- References -- Socially Oriented Technology Policy in Germany: Experiences of a North Rhine-Westphalian Programme -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Integration of Differing Goals in Technology Policy? -- 3 Reasons for a Socially Oriented Technology Policy Initiative in 1984 in North Rhine-Westphalia -- 4 Administrative Output: The Initiative Zukunftstechnologien and the Programme Mensch und Technik - Sozialvertragliche Technikgestaltung -- 4.1 Patchwork or Integration? -- 4.2 Organizational Aspects of Implementation -- 4.3 Changes during Programme Implementation -- 5 Outcome and Impact - Learning Effects on Different Levels -- 6 Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- National Policies Devoted to Technology and the Environment in France: Towards an Integrative Approach? -- 1 National Technology Policy and General Innovation-Supporting Mechanisms -- 1.1 Theory and Practice of National Policy in Favour of Science and Technology -- 1.2 From Scientific Policy to Technology Policy -- 1.3 Technology, Institutional Change and National Policy -- 2 French Environmental Policy, Past and Present -- 2.1 Environment and Environmental Policy: An Introduction -- 2.1.1 Definition and Scope of the Environmental Issue -- 2.1.2 Trends and Practice in Environmental Policy -- 2.2 Features of French Environmental Policy -- 2.2.1 A Belated, Flexible and Centralized Environmental Policy -- 2.2.2 The Tools of the Environmental Policy -- 2.2.3 The Institutional Infrastructure of Environmental Policy and its Recent Evolution -- 3 The Technological Dimensions of Environmental Protection and their Impact on National Policy -- 3.1 Technological Creation and Environment: From Knowledge to Innovation.

3.2 Trends in the Organization and Nature of Technologies in the Field of Environmental Protection -- 3.3 Do Environmental Technologies Reveal a Rift in the Industrial System? -- 4 National Policies: Between Theoretical Views and Social Realities -- 4.1 The Instruments of Economic Analysis in Environmental Policy -- 4.2 Environmental Protection as Central to Social Attitudes and Technological Choices -- 5 Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- The Historical Development of Japanese Science and Technology Policy in Conjunction with Socio-economic Policy -- 1 Introduction -- 2 S&T Institutional Framework and S&T Policy as Built into Industrial Policy (1945-1955) -- 3 Toward the Integration of Science and Technology Policy under Economic Growth and Liberalization Policy (1956-1969) -- 4 Priority Shift of S&T Policy from Economic Growth to Social Welfare (1970-1980) -- 5 S&T Policy Built into Globalization (after 1981) -- 6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- National Systems of Innovation and Technology Policy: The Case of Denmark -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Recent Developments in Danish Technology Policy in Brief -- 3 International Specialization of Small OECD Countries -- 4 Nations and Globalization -- 5 'Socially-Oriented' Technology Policy in a Danish Context - Some Examples -- Notes -- References -- Towards a Social Orientation in Finnish Technology Policy -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Policy for R&D -- 3 Finnish (Science and) Technology Policy -- 3.1 Prior to the 1980s -- 3.2 From the Technology Committee to the Government's Report to Parliament in 1985 -- 3.3 The Science and Technology Policy Council -- 4 Towards a Social Orientation? -- 4.1 The Social Orientation -- 4.2 The Role of Technology Policy for Finnish Economic and Social Development -- 4.2.1 Developments before the 1980s -- 4.2.2 Towards Social Orientation in the 1980s.

4.2.3 Technology Assessment Efforts.