Growing Vulnerability of the Public Switched Networks: Implications for National Security Emergency Preparedness -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- THE EMERGING PROBLEM -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- Recommendation No. 1: Assure Sufficient National Level National Security Emergency Preparedness Reso... -- Recommendation No. 2: Use More Technology Diversity -- Recommendation No. 3: The Nationwide Emergency Telecommunications Service Is Needed -- Recommendation No. 4: Provide Priority Service -- Recommendation No. 5: Provide Additional Redundancy -- Recommendation No. 6: Increase Radio Access Capabilities -- Recommendation No. 7: Establish Emergency Plans -- Recommendation No. 8: Establish Software Security Measures -- Recommendation No. 9: Exploit Value-Added Networks -- Recommendation No. 10: Promote Internetwork Gateways -- Recommendation No. 11: Retain Existing Synchronization -- 1 Introduction -- CURRENT PROGRAMS -- THE COMMITTEE'S APPROACH -- SOME CONCLUSIONS -- STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT -- REFERENCES -- 2 National Security Emergency Preparedness Initiatives to Date -- BACKGROUND -- COMMERCIAL SATELLITE INTERCONNECTIVITY -- COMMERCIAL NETWORK SURVIVABILITY -- NATIONWIDE EMERGENCY TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICE -- REFERENCES -- 3 Public Switched Networks in the Year 2000 -- REGULATION -- TECHNOLOGY -- Transmission Modes -- Switching -- Network Technologies -- Signaling -- Network Control -- Network Standards -- COMPETITION -- CUSTOMER DEMAND -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 4 Regulation -- JURISDICTION -- Background -- National Security Emergency Preparedness Implications -- OPEN NETWORK ARCHITECTURE -- Background -- National Security Emergency Preparedness Implications -- BROADBAND SERVICES -- Background -- National Security Emergency Preparedness Implications -- PRICING -- Background.

National Security Emergency Preparedness Implications -- BYPASS -- Background -- National Security Emergency Preparedness Implications -- LOCAL EXCHANGE CARRIER REGULATION -- Background -- National Security Emergency Preparedness Implications -- ADDITIONAL NATIONWIDE EMERGENCY TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICE AND NATIONAL SECURITY EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS CONSIDERATIONS -- Recommendation: Assure Sufficient National Level National Security Emergency Preparedness Resources -- Recommendation: Provide Priority Service -- Recommendation: Establish Emergency Plans -- REFERENCES -- 5 Technology -- TRANSMISSION -- Optical Fiber -- Background -- National Security Emergency Preparedness Implications -- Satellite Radio -- Background -- National Security Emergency Preparedness Implications -- Terrestrial Radio -- Background -- National Security Emergency Preparedness Implications -- SWITCHING -- Background -- National Security Emergency Preparedness Implications -- INTEGRATED CIRCUIT TECHNOLOGY -- Background -- National Security Emegency Preparedness Implications -- NETWORK MANAGEMENT -- Background -- Software Control -- Signaling -- Standards -- National Security Emergency Preparedness Implications -- NETWORK SYNCHRONIZATION -- Background -- National Security Emergency Preparedness Implications -- A SUMMARY OF PUBLIC SWITCHED NETWORK VULNERABILITY TRENDS -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- Recommendation: Use More Technology Diversity -- Recommendation: The Nationwide Emergency Telecommunications Service Is Needed -- Recommendation: Provide Additional Redundancy -- Recommendation: Increase Radio Access Capabilities -- Recommendation: Retain Existing Synchronization -- REFERENCES -- 6 Competition -- EXCHANGE TELEPHONE SERVICES -- Background -- National Security Emergency Preparedness Implications -- CELLULAR MOBILE RADIO -- Background.

National Security Emergency Preparedness Implications -- CUSTOMER-PREMISES EQUIPMENT -- Background -- National Security Emergency Preparedness Implications -- VALUE-ADDED NETWORKS -- Background -- National Security Emergency Preparedness Implications -- DATABASES -- Background -- National Security Emergency Preparedness Implications -- CABLE TELEVISION -- Background -- National Security Emergency Preparedness Implications -- INNOVATIVE SERVICES -- Background -- National Security Emergency Preparedness Implications -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- Recommendation: Exploit Value-Added Networks -- Recommendation: Promote Internetwork Gateways -- REFERENCES -- 7 Customer Demand -- BASIC TECHNOLOGICAL ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT THE ENVIRONMENT IN THE YEAR 2000 -- USER NEEDS -- Residences -- Small Business Users -- Large Business Users -- Government Users -- National Security Users -- Civil Users -- NATIONAL SECURITY EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS IMPLICATIONS -- RECOMMENDATION -- Recommendation: Establish Software Security Measures -- REFERENCES -- Appendix A Statement of Task -- Appendix B Issues in Digital Network Time and Frequency Synchronization -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. DETERMINING STANDARD TIME AND FREQUENCY -- Primary Frequency Standards -- Primary Time Standards -- 3. PRIMARY TIME AND FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION -- 4. SECONDARY TIME AND FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION -- LORAN-C -- OMEGA -- Global Positioning System -- Portable Clocks and Transfer Standards -- Disciplined Frequency Standards -- 5. GENERAL SYNCHRONIZATION ISSUES -- Clock Stratum Assignments -- Error Discussion and Analysis -- 6. SYNCHRONIZATION NETWORKS -- American Telephone and Telegraph Company -- Bell Communications Research, Incorporated -- MCI Communications Corporation -- CONTEL/ASC -- US Sprint Communications Company -- 7. IMPACT OF SYNCHRONIZATION IMPAIRMENTS -- Effects on Transmission -- Controlled Slips.

Burst Errors -- Reframes -- Effects on Network Elements -- Effects on User Applications -- 8. SENSITIVITY OF NATIONAL SECURITY EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS TO SYNCHRONIZATION IMPAIRMENTS -- NATIONWIDE EMERGENCY TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICE -- Commercial Satellite Interconnectivity -- Commercial Network Survivability -- 9. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION -- NOTES -- Glossary.