Contents -- Preface -- NOMENCLATURE -- CONVERSION TABLE -- 1. WHAT THE BOOK HAS TO OFFER AND THE INTENDED AUDIENCES: MODELING, DIAGNOSING AND OPTIMIZING COOLING DEVICES -- A. YOUR INTEREST IN COOLING SYSTEMS -- B. COOLING BASICS -- C. UNIVERSAL ASPECTS OF CHILLER BEHAVIOR -- D. OBJECTIVES OF THE BOOK AND THE INTENDED AUDIENCES -- D1. The issues addressed and the predictions validated -- D2. The readership: toward whom the book is geared -- E. THE READER'S BACKGROUND -- 2. THERMODYNAMIC AND OPERATIONAL FUNDAMENTALS -- A. INTRODUCTION -- B. MECHANICAL CHILLERS -- B1. Reversible Carnot refrigeration cycle -- B2. The discrepancy between physical idealizations and engineering realities -- B3. Real vapor-compression cycles -- B4. Reciprocating Chillers -- B5. Centrifugal chillers -- B6. Screw compressor chillers -- B7. Refrigerants -- C. ABSORPTION CHILLERS -- C1. Absorption basics and absorption versus mechanical chillers -- C2. Working pairs (refrigerant solutions) and practical considerations -- C3. COP for absorption machines -- C4. Heat regeneration and multi-stage configurations -- C5. Series versus parallel configurations -- C6. Derivation of fundamental bounds for absorption COP -- D. THERMOACOUSTIC CHILLER -- E. THERMOELECTRIC CHILLER -- 3. STANDARDS, MEASUREMENTS AND EXPERIMENTAL TEST FACILITIES FOR CHILLERS AND HEAT PUMPS -- A. INTRODUCTION -- B. THE BASICS OF STANDARDS -- B1. Wherefore standards? -- B2. Types of standards -- B3. What constitutes commercial standards? -- C. DESIGNING AN EXPERIMENTAL TEST FACILITY -- D. MEASUREMENT ACCURACY, INSTRUMENTATION AND EXPERIMENTAL UNCERTAINTY -- E. STANDARD FOR WATER-COOLED MECHANICAL CHILLERS -- F. ABSORPTION CHILLER STANDARD -- G. HEAT PUMP STANDARDS -- G1. Mechanical heat pumps -- G2. Absorption heat pumps -- H. AN ALTERNATIVE TEST PROCEDURE AND MIXING STRATEGY.

H1. Why bother with alternative test rig designs? -- H2. The basic idea for simplifying the procedure -- H3. The mixing process for a chiller -- H4. Mixing process for a heat pump -- 4. ENTROPY PRODUCTION, PROCESS AVERAGE TEMPERATURE AND CHILLER PERFORMANCE: TRANSLATING IRREVERSIBILITIES INTO MEASURABLE VARIABLES -- A. ENTROPY PRODUCTION -- B. EXAMPLE FOR MECHANICAL CHILLERS -- C. EXAMPLE FOR ABSORPTION CHILLERS -- D. PROCESS AVERAGE TEMPERATURE -- E. DERIVATION OF THE GOVERNING PERFORMANCE EQUATION FOR MECHANICAL CHILLERS -- E1. The first two laws of thermodynamics and general modeling of irreversibilities -- E2. How COP is comprised of contributions from individual classes of irreversibility -- E3. A natural form for chiller characteristic plots -- F. DERIVATION OF THE PERFORMANCE EQUATION FOR ABSORPTION SYSTEMS -- F1. The different modes of absorption machines -- F2. Derivation of the characteristic curve for chillers and heat pumps -- F3. Process average temperatures and general expressions for COP -- F4. Heat transformers -- G. VALIDITY OF THE CONSTANCY OF INTERNAL LOSSES -- H. PROCESS AVERAGE TEMPERATURE AND EXERGY ANALYSIS -- 5. THE FUNDAMENTAL CHILLER MODEL IN TERMS OF READILY-MEASURABLE VARIABLES -- A. THE VALUE OF EXPRESSING CHILLER PERFORMANCE IN TERMS OF COOLANT TEMPERATURES -- B. DERIVATION FOR MECHANICAL CHILLERS -- B1. The full expression -- B2. The approximate formula -- B3. Qualifications about the regression fits -- C. HEAT EXCHANGER BALANCES FOR ABSORPTION MACHINES -- C1. Absorption chillers and heat pumps -- C2. Absorption heat transformers -- C3. Absorption chiller performance curve -- 6. EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION OF THE FUNDAMENTAL MODEL AND OPTIMIZATION CASE STUDIES FOR RECIPROCATING CHILLERS -- A. AIMS OF THE CHAPTER -- B. TEST OF THE FUNDAMENTAL MODEL AS A PREDICTIVE TOOL -- B1. Chiller and experimental details.

B2. Theory versus experiment -- B3. A qualification: the importance of measurement accuracy -- C. WHERE ACTUAL CHILLER PERFORMANCE LIES ON THE CHARACTERISTIC CURVE -- D. CONSTRAINED CHILLER OPTIMIZATION FOR LIMITED HEAT EXCHANGER SIZE -- E. HIGHLY CONSTRAINED OPTIMAL DESIGNS: AIR-COOLED SPLIT RECIPROCATING CHILLERS -- 7. FINITE-TIME THERMODYNAMIC OPTIMIZATION OF REAL CHILLERS -- A. GLOBAL OPTIMIZATION WITH RESPECT TO FINITE TIME AND FINITE THERMAL INVENTORY -- B. HOW FINITE TIME ENTERS GOVERNING PERFORMANCE EQUATIONS -- C. PERFORMING THE GLOBAL OPTIMIZATION -- D. COMPARISON WITH CHILLER EXPERIMENTAL DATA -- E. EQUIVALENCE OF MAXIMIZING COP AND MINIMIZING UNIVERSAL ENTROPY PRODUCTION -- F. CLOSURE -- 8. COOLANT FLOW RATE AS A CONTROL VARIABLE -- A. BACKGROUND TO THE PROBLEM -- B. ADAPTING THE ANALYTIC CHILLER MODEL TO INCORPORATE COOLANT FLOW RATES -- C. EXPLICIT ACCOUNTING FOR THE INFLUENCE OF COOLANT FLOW RATE -- D. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS -- E. APPLICATION OF THE MODEL AND EXPERIMENTAL CONFIRMATION -- F. CLOSURE -- 9. OPTIMIZATION OF ABSORPTION SYSTEMS -- A. OBJECTIVES AND MOTIVATION -- B. EXPERIMENTAL DATA, COMPUTER SIMULATION RESULTS AND DEVICE OPTIMIZATION -- B1. The devices studied -- B2. Comparison of device performance and predicted optima -- B3. Absorption chillers and heat pumps: diagnostics and design conclusions -- B4. HEAT TRANSFORMER ANALYSIS AND DIAGNOSTICS -- 10. QUASI-EMPIRICAL THERMODYNAMIC MODEL FOR CHILLERS -- A. INTRODUCTION -- B. DERIVATION OF THE MODEL FOR MECHANICAL CHILLERS -- B1. Energy and entropy balance -- B2. Heat exchanger effects: expressing results in terms of coolant temperatures -- B3. Modeling internal losses and the final 3-parameter formula -- C. RECIPROCATING CHILLERS -- C1. Validating predicted functional dependences and accurate COP correlations -- C2. Limits to the model -- D. CENTRIFUGAL CHILLERS.

D1. Details of a diagnostic case study -- D2. Performance data, model predictions and the truth about part-load behavior -- D3. The diagnostic case study from the perspective of the fundamental chiller model -- E. ABSORPTION CHILLERS -- E1. Basic thermodynamic behavior -- E2. Adapting the quasi-empirical model to absorption chillers -- E3. Comparing model predictions against experimental data -- E4. Case study on the effect of surfactant -- E5. The extended performance curve -- F. LESS CONVENTIONAL CHILLERS: THERMOACOUSTIC AND THERMOELECTRIC REFRIGERATORS -- F1. Background -- F2. Thermoacoustic chillers -- F3. Thermoelectric chillers -- F4. Unique thermodynamic aspects of thermoelectric chillers -- 11. THE INADEQUACY OF ENDOREVERSIBLE MODELS -- A. MISSING MOST OF THE PHYSICS AND ITS CONSEQUENCES -- B. PREDICTING COP AS A FUNCTION OF COOLING RATE -- C. ANALYSIS WITH DATA FROM RECIPROCATING CHILLERS -- D. ANALYSIS WITH DATA FROM ABSORPTION SYSTEMS -- E. ARE ENDOREVERSIBLE MODELS FOR HEAT ENGINES ANY BETTER? -- 12. HEAT EXCHANGER INTERNAL DISSIPATION IN CHILLER ANALYSIS AND THE ESSENTIAL ROLE OF ACCURATE PROCESS AVERAGE TEMPERATURES -- A. PEEKING INTO THE BLACKBOX -- B. STUDIES FOR A RECIPROCATING CHILLER -- B1. Background to the problem -- B2. Experimental details and thermodynamic calculations -- B3. Observations about internal dissipation -- B4. Repercussions for diagnostics and optimization -- C. STUDY FOR AN ABSORPTION CHILLER -- C1. The nature of the study Absorption chillers also operate -- C2. About regenerative absorption chillers -- C3. Experimental details -- C4. Calculation of the PATs and internal entropy production -- C5. Computer simulation formulation and validation -- C6. Quantitative results for internal dissipation and the implications -- C7. Qualifications.

13. TEMPERATURE-ENTROPY DIAGRAMS FOR REPRESENTING REAL IRREVERSIBLE CHILLERS -- A. BACKGROUND -- B. PAT AND THE PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTIC FOR MECHANICAL CHILLERS -- C. PAT-ENTROPY DIAGRAM FOR MECHANICAL CHILLERS -- D. PAT AND THERMODYNAMIC DIAGRAMS FOR ABSORPTION CHILLERS -- E. THE EXAMPLE OF THE THERMOELECTRIC CHILLER -- 14. CAVEATS AND CHALLENGES -- A. TYING UP LOOSE ENDS -- B. THE THERMOELECTRIC CHILLER AS A CLEAR CUT CASE -- C. SCREW-COMPRESSOR CHILLERS -- D. REGENERATIVE ABSORPTION CHILLERS -- E. ADSORPTION CHILLERS -- F. VORTEX-TUBE CHILLERS -- F1. Device description and how vortex motion creates a cooling effect -- F2. Chiller performance characteristics -- F3. Modeling the vortex-tube chiller -- F4. The external perspective of the chiller -- F5. The internal perspective of the chiller -- F6. Characteristic chiller plots and their interpretation -- REFERENCES -- Index.