Front Cover -- Bioactive Food as Dietary Interventions for Diabetes -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface: Diabetes Food -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Role of Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Systemic Glucose Homeostasis is a Multiorgan Process -- 3. Glucose Dysregulation: The Pathogenesis of Insulin Resistance -- 4. Origins of Oxidative Stress in Various Cell Types -- 4.1. Renin-Angiotensin System and NADPH Oxidase -- 4.2. Nutrient Excess and Mitochondrial Overactivity -- 4.3. Hyperglycemia -- 4.4. Dyslipidemia: Role of Excess FFAs -- 4.5. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress -- 4.6. Additional Role of Nitrosative Stress -- 5. Mechanisms of Oxidative Stress-Associated Insulin Resistance -- 5.1. Oxidative Stress and Defects in Insulin Signaling: Skeletal Muscle and Liver -- 5.2. Oxidative Stress and Defects in Insulin Secretion: Pancreatic Beta-Cells -- 5.3. Oxidative Stress and Defects in Vascular Function -- 6. Utility of Select Antioxidants as Interventions in Oxidative Stress-Associated Insulin Resistance -- 6.1. General Concepts of Antioxidant Properties -- 6.2. ALA and Its Effects on Glucoregulation -- 7. Conclusion and Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Relevant Websites -- Chapter 2: Diabetes and the Role of Dietary Supplements -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Alpha-Lipoic Acid -- 3. Omega-3 Oils -- 4. Chromium -- 5. Gymnemma Sylvestre -- 6. Fenugreek -- 7. Vitamin D -- 8. Conclusion -- Glossary -- References -- Chapter 3: Government Regulation of Dietary Supplements and Foods: Role in Diabetes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Nongovernmental Recommendations for Diabetics -- 3. NHPs for Diabetics -- 4. Food Label Information and Nutrition - Health Claims -- 5. Nutrition Recommendations for Diabetics -- 6. Conclusions -- References.

Chapter 4: Diabetes as an Immune Dysfunction Syndrome -- 1. Diagnostic Laboratory Testing -- 1.1. First-Line Assessments -- 1.1.1. Glucose and insulin levels -- 1.1.2. HbA1c -- 1.2. Additional Testing -- 1.2.1. C-octanoic acid breath test -- 1.2.2. C-peptide -- 1.2.3. C-reactive protein (hsCRP) -- 1.2.4. Cortisol and DHEA -- 1.2.5. Lymphocyte Response Assay (LRA) tests -- 1.2.6. Fibrinogen -- 1.2.7. Homocysteine -- 1.2.8. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 -- 1.2.9. Intestinal hyperpermeability test -- 1.2.10. Iron and ferritin -- 1.2.11. Oxidized LDL (oxLDL) -- 1.2.12. Metabolic acidosis risk -- 1.2.13. Sleep survey or evaluation -- 2. Key Clinical Issues -- 2.1. Energy Metabolism -- 2.1.1. Glucose -- 2.1.2. Fructose -- 2.1.3. Protein metabolism in diabetes -- 2.1.4. Fat metabolism -- 2.2. Autonomic Neuropathy -- 2.3. Immune Dysregulation and Increased Permeability -- 2.4. Maldigestion -- 2.4.1. Reflux -- 2.4.2. Dyspepsia -- 2.4.3. Dysbiosis -- 2.4.4. Malabsorption -- 2.4.5. Delayed gastric emptying -- 2.5. Autacoids: Profound Biochemical Effects -- 3. Diagnoses and Comorbidities -- 3.1. Prevalent Comorbidities -- 3.1.1. Vascular sequella and neurodegeneration -- 3.1.2. Hyperlipidemia and hypertension -- 3.1.3. Kidney disease -- 3.1.4. Liver diseases -- 3.1.5. Polycystic ovary syndrome -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- Relevant Websites -- Chapter 5: Antihyperglycemic Potential of Secoisolaricinol Diglucoside -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Botanical Description -- 3. Antihyperglycemic Potential of Secoisolaricinol diglucoside -- 4. Adverse Effects and Reactions (Allergies and Toxicity) -- 5. Summary Points -- References -- Chapter 6: Antidiabetic Potential of Trigonelline and 4-Hydroxyisoleucine in Fenugreek -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Historical Uses -- 3. Botanical Description -- 4. Chemical Constituents.

5. Antidiabetic Potential of Trigonelline and 4-Hydroxyisoleucine -- 6. Summary Points -- References -- Chapter 7: Community Participation and Diabetes Control -- 1. Introduction to Diabetes and Nutrition -- 2. Epidemiology of Diabetes in the US -- 3. Link Diabetes and Diet -- 4. Public Health Interventions to Prevent and Control Diabetes Through Diet -- 4.1. Lifestyle Interventions with a Focus on the Individual -- 4.2. Lifestyle Interventions with a Focus on the Family -- 4.3. Lifestyle Interventions with a Focus on the Community -- 4.4. Interventions with a Focus on Policy Change -- 4.5. Interventions with a Socioecological Approach -- 5. Recommendations for Future Involvement with Communities in Preventing and Treating Diabetes Through Diet -- References -- Further Reading -- Relevant Websites -- Chapter 8: Glycine max (Soybean) Treatment for Diabetes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Botanical Description -- 3. Glycine max Treatment for Diabetes -- 4. Summary Points -- References -- Chapter 9: Amino Acid Supplements and Diabetes -- 1. To Be or Not to Be: The Interrelationship Between AA and Glucose Metabolism -- 1.1. AAs and Glucose Production -- 1.2. AAs as Insulin Secretagogues -- 1.2.1. Leucine -- 1.2.2. Others -- 1.2.3. Arginine -- 1.2.4. Taurine -- 2. CrossTalk Between Insulin and AAs: mTOR, a Crucial Joint Between Insulin and AA-Mediated Regulation of Protein Synthesi... -- 3. Insulin Resistance and AAs -- 4. AAs and Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Diabetes -- 5. Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 10: Reduction in Serum Glucose with Garlic Extracts -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Chemical Constituents of Garlic -- 3. Role of Garlic in Reduction of Serum Glucose -- 4. Other Roles of Garlic -- 4.1. Garlic Regulates Cholesterol and Fatty Acid Synthesis -- 4.2. Garlic Possesses Antioxidant Properties -- 4.3. Garlic Possesses Cardioprotective Properties.

4.4. Garlic Regulates Hypertension -- 4.5. Garlic Possesses Fibrinolytic Activity -- 4.6. Garlic Possesses Antithrombotic Effects -- 4.7. Garlic Possesses Anticancerous Activity -- 4.8. Garlic and Blood Pressure Lowering Effect -- 4.9. Antimicrobial Effects of Garlic -- 5. Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 11: Dietary Supplements, Immune Modulation, and Diabetes Control -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Inflammatory Process in Diabetes -- 3. Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes -- 3.1. Insulin Replacement -- 3.2. Immunotherapy -- 3.2.1. Antibody-based immunotherapy -- 3.2.2. Antigen-based immunotherapy -- 3.2.3. Combinational immunotherapy -- 4. Dietary Supplements -- 4.1. EGCG -- 4.2. Quercetin and Naringenin -- 4.3. Curcumin -- 4.4. Resveratrol -- 4.5. Pycnogenol -- 4.6. Genistein -- 4.7. Ursolic Acid -- 4.8. Lignin -- 4.9. Tannins -- 4.10. Vitamins and Minerals -- 4.11. Antioxidants -- 4.12. Lipoic Acid -- 4.13. Spirulina -- 4.14. Dietary Fiber -- 4.15. Botanical Dietary Supplements -- References -- Chapter 12: Dietary Supplements and Herbs in Diabetes and Its Prevention -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Diabetes and Dietary Supplements -- 1.2. Diabetes and the Risk of Cardiovascular Complications -- 2. Protective Mechanism of the Whole-Grain Diet -- 3. Phytonutrients and Diabetes Mellitus -- 3.1. Antioxidant Agents -- 3.2. Alpha-Lipoic Acid -- 3.3. Plant Polyphenols -- 4. Some of Representative Herb and Its Extracts in Prevention and Supplementation of Diabetes Therapy -- 4.1. American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) -- 4.2. French Maritime Pine (Pinus pinaster) -- 4.3. Gymnema (Gymnema sylvestre) -- 4.4. Coffee (Coffea arabica and the Others) -- 4.5. Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) -- 4.6. Garlic (Allium sativum) -- 4.7. Capsicium annuum, Capsicium frutescens (Cayenne) -- 5. Future -- References -- Relevant Websites.

Chapter 13: Phytotherapeutics in Treating Diabetes -- 1.. Introduction -- 2.. Phytotherapeutics in Prediabetes -- 3.. Phytotherapeutics for Glycemic Control -- 4.. Phytotherapeutics in Diabetes-Associated Diseases -- 5.. Summary: Phytotherapeutics in Integrative Diabetes Management -- References -- Chapter 14: Plant-Derived Hydroxycinnamate Derivatives, Insulin Sensitivity, and Adiponectin: Implications for Diabetes Co... -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Curcumin -- 3. CAPE -- 4. γ-Oryzanol -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 15: Antidiabetic Activity of Allium Sativum -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Scientific Classification -- 3. Botanical Description -- 4. Antidiabetic Activity of Garlic -- 5. Summary Points -- 6. Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions -- 7. Summary Points -- References -- Chapter 16: Chromium and Diabetes -- 1. Epidemiological Studies and Observational Studies -- 1.1. Carbohydrate Link to Urinary Cr Excretion and Diabetes -- 1.2. Dietary Chromium Intakes and Recommended Dietary Intakes -- 1.3. Chromium Status and Aging -- 2. Safety of Dietary Chromium Supplements -- 3. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 17: Dietary Calcium and Magnesium and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Magnesium, Calcium, and Type 2 Diabetes -- 2.1.. Magnesium and Type 2 Diabetes -- 2.2.. Calcium and Type 2 Diabetes -- 3. Epidemiological Studies, Magnesium, Calcium, and Type 2 Diabetes -- 3.1.. Epidemiological Studies, Magnesium and Type 2 Diabetes -- 3.2.. Epidemiological Studies, Calcium and Type 2 Diabetes -- 3.3.. Food Sources of Calcium and Magnesium and Type 2 Diabetes -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 18: Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Insulin Resistance -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Dietary Fatty Acids and IR -- 3. Dietary Sources of PUFA -- 4. n-3 PUFA and IR -- 4.1. Results from Epidemiological Studies.

4.2. Results from Cross-Sectional Studies.