Marine Algae Extracts -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Volume 1 -- Chapter 1 Introduction of Marine Algae Extracts -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Algal Biomass as a Useful Resource -- 1.3 Biologically Active Compounds Extracted from Algae -- 1.4 The Application of Products Derived from Algal Biomass -- 1.4.1 Agriculture - for Plants -- 1.4.2 Functional Food -- 1.4.3 Cosmetics -- 1.4.4 Pharmaceuticals -- 1.4.5 Fuels -- 1.4.6 Antifouling Compounds -- 1.5 Extraction Technology -- 1.6 Conclusions -- References -- Part I: Cultivation and Identification of Marine Algae -- Chapter 2 Identification and Ecology of Macroalgae Species Existing in~Poland -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Collection of Macroalgal Thalli and Culture Conditions -- 2.3 Macroalgae Forming a Large Biomass in Inland Waters of Poland -- 2.4 Ecology Aspects of Freshwater Macroscopic Algae -- 2.5 Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3 Identification of Microalgae Producers of Commercially Important Compounds -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Microalgae for Human Consumption -- 3.2.1 Chlorella -- 3.2.2 Dunaliella -- 3.2.3 Haematococcus Pluvialis -- 3.3 Microalgae for Aquaculture and Animal Farms -- 3.4 Microalgae for Biofuels -- 3.5 Molecular Identification of Microalgae -- 3.5.1 MA1-MA2 Universal Oligonucleotides -- 3.5.2 Amplification of the 18S rDNA Gene -- 3.5.2.1 Dunaliella -- 3.5.2.2 Botryococcus -- 3.5.2.3 Chlamydomonas -- 3.5.2.4 Scenedesmus -- 3.5.2.5 Chlorella -- 3.5.2.6 Other Microalgae Genera -- 3.5.3 18S rDNA Introns Characterization -- 3.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 Cultivation and Identification of Microalgae (Diatom) -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Materials and Methods -- 4.2.1 Plankton Net -- 4.2.2 Preparation for Light Microscopy -- 4.2.3 Identification of Species.

4.2.3.1 Odontella Mobiliensis (Bailey) Grunow 1884 -- 4.2.3.2 Pleurosigma Normanii -- 4.2.3.3 Chaetoceros Curvisetus -- 4.2.3.4 Skeletonema Costatum -- 4.2.3.5 Coscinodiscus Centralis -- 4.3 Algal Culture Conditions -- 4.3.1 Physical and Chemical Conditions -- 4.3.1.1 Light -- 4.3.1.2 Temperature -- 4.3.1.3 Salinity -- 4.3.1.4 pH -- 4.3.1.5 Aeration/Mixing -- 4.3.1.6 Culture Medium/Nutrients -- 4.3.2 Isolating/Obtaining and Maintaining of Cultures -- 4.3.3 Sources of Contamination and Treatment -- 4.3.4 Algal Culture Techniques -- 4.3.5 Growth Dynamics -- 4.3.5.1 Lag or Induction Phase -- 4.3.5.2 Exponential Phase -- 4.3.5.3 Phase of Declining Growth Rate -- 4.3.5.4 Stationary Phase -- 4.3.5.5 Death or Crash Phase -- 4.3.6 Harvesting and Preserving Microalgae -- 4.3.7 Algal Production Cost -- 4.3.7.1 Uses of Algae -- 4.4 Conclusion -- References -- Part II: Production and Processing of Marine Algae -- Chapter 5 Analysis of Green Algae Extracts -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 The Algae Biomass as a Raw Material of Natural Chemical Compounds -- 5.3 Methods of Extraction of Biochemical from Algae Biomass -- 5.4 Analytical Procedures -- 5.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6 Algae Extract Production Methods and Process Optimization -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Production Methods -- 6.3 Analytical Methods Used for Extract Production Process Control -- 6.4 Process Optimization -- 6.4.1 Example of Process Optimization -- 6.4.1.1 Materials and Methods -- 6.4.1.2 Experiments and Results -- 6.5 Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 7 Production of Seaweed Extracts by Biological and Chemical Methods -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Production of Algal Extracts with Different Methods -- 7.3 Pretreatment of Algal Biomass and Extraction Procedure.

7.4 Algal Extracts Obtained by Enzymatic Hydrolysis -- 7.5 Algal Extracts Obtained by Chemical Hydrolysis -- 7.5.1 Extraction with Organic Solvents -- 7.5.2 Extraction with Inorganic Solvents -- 7.5.2.1 Acid and Alkali Hydrolysis -- 7.5.2.2 Extraction with Distilled Water -- 7.6 Comparison of Extraction Methods of Biologically Active Compounds from Seaweeds -- 7.7 Evaluation of the Activities of Algal Extracts Obtained by the Extraction with Organic Solvent -- 7.7.1 Antioxidant Properties of Seaweed Extracts -- 7.7.2 Antimicrobial Activity of Seaweed Extracts -- 7.7.3 Antiviral Activity of Seaweed Extracts -- 7.7.4 Anti-inflammatory Activity of Seaweed Extracts -- 7.8 The Application of Water Extracts from Seaweeds -- 7.9 Examples of Commercial Products Obtained by Extraction form Seaweeds -- 7.10 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 8 Upstream Processing in the Technology of Algal Extracts: Biomass Harvesting and Preparation for Extraction Process -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Cells Harvesting/Separation -- 8.1.2 Cells Disintegration and Extraction -- 8.2 Marine Vegetation from Baltic Sea as Source Material -- 8.2.1 Biomass Characterization -- 8.2.2 Legal Regulations -- 8.2.3 Availability of Marine Biomass in Poland -- 8.2.4 Biomass Collection Techniques -- 8.2.5 Method for Evaluating the Machines -- 8.3 The Technology of Raw Marine Biomass Preparation for Supercritical Fluid Extraction -- 8.3.1 Basic Operations -- 8.3.2 Algae Raw Material Treatment Methods -- 8.3.2.1 Acid's and Alkalia's -- 8.3.3 Pilot Plant Investigation and Cost Analysis -- 8.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 9 Downstream Processing in the Technology of Algal Extracts - From the Component to the Final Formulations -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Final Formulation -- 9.2.1 The Concept of Formulations.

9.2.1.1 Adjuvants and Additives -- 9.2.2 Physical and Chemical Properties that Determine Effective Uptake of~Active Ingredients Contained in Product -- 9.2.2.1 Solubility -- 9.2.2.2 Solution pH -- 9.2.2.3 Particle Size -- 9.2.2.4 Concentration of Active Ingredients -- 9.2.2.5 Common Formulation Types -- 9.3 Definition of an Emulsion -- 9.4 The Method to Produce an Emulsion Based on Algae Extract -- 9.4.1 Soluble Liquid (SL) -- 9.4.2 Emulsifiable Concentrate (EC) -- 9.4.3 Suspension Concentrate (SC) -- 9.4.4 Suspoemulsion (SE) -- 9.4.5 Seed Treatments (FSs) -- 9.4.6 Oil Dispersion (OD) -- 9.5 Stability of Algae Extract Emulsion -- 9.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10 Algae Biomass as a Raw Material for Production of Algal Extracts -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Cell Wall -- 10.3 Methods of Obtaining the Biomass of Algae -- 10.3.1 Macroalgae -- 10.3.2 Microalgae -- 10.3.2.1 Open Raceway Ponds Versus Closed Photobioreactors -- 10.3.2.2 Contamination -- 10.3.2.3 Productivity -- 10.3.2.4 Photosynthesis Conditions -- 10.3.2.5 Mixing -- 10.3.2.6 Feeding Strategies -- 10.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11 Algal Extracts as Plant Growth Biostimulants -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 The Development of Fertilizers Industry -- 11.3 Plant Biostimulants -- 11.4 Potential Benefits Arising from the Use of Plant Growth Biostimulants -- 11.5 The Market of Biostimulants -- 11.6 Seaweed Biomass as a Source for the Production of Algae Based Fertilizers -- 11.7 Algae as the Resource for Biostimulants Production -- 11.8 Methods of Production of Commercial Biostimulants from Algae -- 11.9 Characteristics of Biostimulants Derived from Algae -- 11.10 Current Market of Algal Plant Growth Stimulants -- 11.11 Perspectives -- 11.12 Regulations -- 11.13 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References.

Chapter 12 Effects of Alginate Oligosaccharides on the Growth of Marine Microalgae -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Preparation of Alginate Oligosaccharides -- 12.3 Effects of Alginate Oligosaccharides on the Growth of~Nannochloropsis oculata -- 12.4 Species-Specific Effects of Alginate Oligosaccharides on the Growth of Diatom Chaetoceros gracilis and Skeletonema sp. -- 12.5 Effects of Alginate Oligosaccharides on Harmful Microalgae -- 12.6 Conclusion -- References -- Part III: Marine Algal Products -- Chapter 13 Omegas: Pharmaceutical High Value Products and One of the Most Functional Bioactive Compounds -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Most Functional Omegas -- 13.2.1 Omega-3 -- 13.2.2 Omega-6 -- 13.3 Biosynthesis and Functions -- 13.4 Omegas and Diet -- 13.5 Omegas -- Sickness -- and Health -- 13.6 Omegas: Commercial Applications -- 13.7 Microalgae as a Source for Omega Production -- 13.8 Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 14 An Overview of Global Distribution of the Diterpenes Synthesized by the Red Algae Laurencia Complex (Ceramiales, Rhodomelaceae) -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Biosynthesis of Diterpenes -- 14.3 Diversity and Geographic Distribution of the Diterpenes in~Laurencia Complex -- 14.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 15 Anticancer Compounds from Marine Algae -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Terpenoids from Marine Algae -- 15.3 Sterols from Marine Algae -- 15.4 Polysaccharides from Marine Algae -- 15.5 Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 16 A Comparative Analysis of Carrageenans Produced by Underutilized versus Industrially Utilized Macroalgae (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.1.1 Phycocolloids from Red Algae -- 16.1.2 Carrageenan and Carrageenan Industry -- 16.1.3 Macroalgae Producing Carrageenan.

16.1.4 Integrated Multitrophic Aquaculture (IMTA).