PRACTICAL LESSONS FROM THE LOMA PRIETA EARTHQUAKE -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Overview: Lessons And Recommendations From The Committee For The Symposium On Practical Lessons From... -- GENERAL OBSERVATIONS -- EARTH SCIENCES -- GEOTECHNICAL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING -- PLANNING AND EMERGENCY RESPONSE -- NOTE ON SUPPORTING SOURCES -- 1 Legacy Of The Loma Prieta Earthquake: Challenges To Other Communities -- INTRODUCTION -- THE NEED TO REACH OUT -- THE NEED FOR SUSTAINED ADVOCACY -- IRREVERSIBLE CHANGE -- ROME WASN'T BUILT IN A DAY -- IF YOU CAN'T DO IT RIGHT, DON'T DO IT -- THE ABILITY TO PREDICT DAMAGE -- CONCLUSION -- 2 The Geotechnical Aspects -- INTRODUCTION -- OVERVIEW -- LIQUEFACTION -- Occurrence And Recurrence -- Settlements -- Lateral Spreading -- Fill Densification As A Result Of Earthquake Shaking -- Improved Ground -- SITE AMPLIFICATION AND RESPONSE SPECTRA -- SLOPES, FILLS, AND EMBANKMENTS -- Natural Slopes -- Engineered Embankments And Dams -- Sanitary And Hazardous Waste Landfills -- WATERFRONT CONTAINMENT STRUCTURES, PIERS, AND LATERAL RETAINING STRUCTURES -- FOUNDATIONS -- TUNNELS AND UNDERGROUND STRUCTURES -- LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE GEOTECHNICAL ASPECTS OF THE LOMA PRIETA EARTHQUAKE -- Liquefaction -- Site Amplification -- Slopes, Fills, And Embankments -- Waterfront Containment Structures, Piers, And Retaining Structures -- Foundations -- Underground Structures -- Areas For Future Concern -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- DISCUSSANTS' COMMENTS: GEOTECHNICAL ISSUES -- William Cotton, William Cotton & Associates -- Maurice S. Power, Geomatrix Consultants -- Thomas Hanks, U.S. Geological Survey -- C. Thomas Statton, Woodward-Clyde Consultants -- 3 Buildings -- INTRODUCTION -- Functionality -- Acceptable Risk -- Ground Motion -- Focus of Research -- METHODOLOGY -- THE ROLE OF RESEARCH IN THE PRACTICAL LESSONS PROCESS.

THE ROLE OF OBSERVATIONS IN THE PRACTICAL LESSONS PROCESS -- PRINCIPAL FINDINGS -- Seismic Risk -- Acceptable Risk Policy -- Owner Involvement -- Definition of Seismic Risk -- Building Departments -- Tools and Technology Transfer -- Building Damage Assessment -- The Initial Assessment -- A Question of Perspective -- Ordinances Needed -- Description Of Need -- Retrofit Standards -- Evaluation of Risk: A Challenge -- Plan Checking and Site Inspections By Building Officials -- Quality-Control Check Points -- Some Action Is Possible -- Strong Motion Instrumentation -- Purpose And Use of the Data -- Some Perspective -- Building Performance -- Owners And The Public Expectations -- Performance, Design And The Code -- Safety Versus Post-Earthquake Usage -- Focus of Research -- Residential Construction -- The Profile of The Damaged Building -- The Majority Of Structures -- Old Materials -- Unreinforced Masonry -- Non-Engineered Structures -- Non-Ductile Concrete -- Research And Codes -- Basic Principles -- Soils And Building Performance -- CONCLUSION -- Acceptable Risk -- Fundamentals, Not More Code Provisions -- Peer Review For The Complex Projects -- Detailed Inspection -- Unreinforced Masonry -- Need For Interaction Between Research And Practice -- Direction And Funding Of Research -- Ground Motion Data -- CLOSURE -- CITED REFERENCES -- GENERAL REFERENCES -- DOCUMENTS -- DISCUSSANTS' COMMENTS: BUILDINGS SESSION -- James Beavers, Martin Marietta Energy Systems -- Stephen Mahin, University Of California, Berkeley -- Gerald Jones, Kansas City Building Department -- William Holmes, Rutherford & Chekene -- 4 Emergency Preparedness And Response -- INTRODUCTION -- OVERVIEW OF PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE STUDIES -- HOW THE PUBLIC RESPONDED IN LOMA PRIETA: INDIVIDUAL AND HOUSEHOLD RESPONSES -- Actions During The Shaking Period -- Injuries.

Evacuation And Use Of Emergency Shelter -- Response To Aftershock Warnings -- RESPONSE OF GROUPS, OF ORGANIZATIONS, AND INTERORGANIZATIONAL NETWORKS -- Emergent Groups And Volunteers -- Local Emergency-Response Activities -- Search And Rescue -- Emergency Medical Services (Ems) -- Damage Assessment -- Response Of Public Transportation Networks -- Lifeline Organizations -- Local And State Emergency-Response Agencies -- Intergovernmental Coordination -- CONCLUDING COMMENTS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- DISCUSSANTS' COMMENTS: EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE -- Henry Renteria, City Of Oakland -- Richard D. Ross, Missouri Emergency Management Agency -- Richard Andrews, Governor's Office Of Emergency Services -- Lacy Suiter, Tennessee Emergency Management Agency -- 5 Lifeline Perspective -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- LIFELINE SYSTEM PERFORMANCE DURING THE 1989 LOMA PRIETA EARTHQUAKE -- Water Supply -- Wastewater -- Natural Gas -- Oil Refineries And Associated Facilities -- Electric Power -- Communications -- RESEARCH ACTIVITIES INITIATED AFTER THE EARTHQUAKE -- Nsf-Sponsored Research -- Other Research Efforts -- Lessons Learned -- Water Supply And Wastewater Systems -- Natural Gas Systems -- Electric Power Systems -- Communication Systems -- TRANSFERABILITY OF RESULTS -- FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS -- REFERENCES -- DISCUSSANTS' COMMENTS: LIFELINES -- Thomas D. O'rourke, Cornell University -- Donald Ballantyne, Kennedy/Jenks Consultants -- Charles R. Roberts, Executive Director, Port Of Oakland -- Steve Phillips, Pg&E -- 6 Highway Bridges -- INTRODUCTION -- PERFORMANCE OF PRIOR RESEARCH RESULTS -- Properly Confined Column Reinforcement -- Acceleration Response Spectra For Alluvium And Dense Foundation Materials -- Base-Isolated Girder Systems -- PROBLEMS WITH EXISTING CRITERIA, DETAILS, AND PRACTICE.

Older Bridges Designed For Pre-1972 Seismic Forces And Design Criteria -- Seismic Performance Criteria Required -- Dynamic Response Of Deep, Soft Foundations -- Column-Footing Interaction -- Inadequate Column-Confinement Reinforcement -- Inadequate Beam-Column Joint Reinforcement -- Inadequate Torsional Reinforcement -- Pedestrian-Bridge Performance -- Steel-Bridge Performance -- Importance Factor Applied To Critical Bridges -- RESEARCH IN SEISMIC RESPONSE OF BRIDGES -- Development of Vulnerability-Analysis Algorithm -- Establishment of Seismic Performance Criteria -- Development of Acceleration Response Spectra For Deep Soft Bay Muds -- Establishment Of Procedures For Out-Of-Phase And Non-Uniform Foundation Response -- Foundation Design For Liquifiable Soil Sites -- Pier Foundation And Abutment Soil-Structure Interaction -- Ductile Column Design -- Retrofit-Strengthening Procedures For Existing Non-Ductile Columns -- Beam-Column Joint Confinement -- Outrigger Bent Cap Performance Under Combined Bending, Shear, And Torsion -- Seismic Performance Of Tall, Slender Pier Walls -- Performance Of Column-Footing Joints Under Dynamic Loading -- Bond Development Length Of Large-Diameter Reinforcing Steel Bars Under Dynamic Loading -- Nonlinear Analysis Procedures For Reinforced-Concrete Members Subject To Dynamic Loads -- Review And Revise Existing Seismic Design Specifications And Details -- Base-Isolation Systems -- Tension-Pile Capacity Tests -- PRACTICAL LESSONS APPLICABLE TO OTHER AREAS AND STATES -- Good Emergency-Response Plan -- Vulnerability-Prioritization Procedure -- Prioritization Of Phases Of Retrofit Work -- Response Of Deep, Soft Soils -- Ductile-Design Details -- Soil-Structure Interaction -- Response And Retrofitting Of Structural Steel Bridges -- Nonlinear Analysis Procedures -- CITED REFERENCES -- GENERAL REFERENCES.

COMMISSIONED RESEARCH PROJECTS -- DISCUSSANTS' COMMENTS: BRIDGES -- James D. Cooper, Federal Highway Administration -- Mitigation Strategy -- Initiatives Required -- Gregory Orsolini, Parsons Deleuw, Inc. -- Beam-Column Joint Shear Design -- Bent Cap Outrigger Design -- Use of Simplified Nonlinear Analysis Methods for Seismic Analysis -- Nicholas F. Forell, Forell/Elsesser Engineers -- John Clark, Anderson Bjornstad Kane Jacobs -- 7 Recovery, Mitigation, and Planning -- FUNDING -- RECOVERY PLANS AND REGULATIONS -- MITIGATION -- IMPORTANCE OF STATE LEGISLATION -- DEMOLITION -- HOUSING -- BUSINESS RECOVERY -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- DISCUSSANTS' COMMENTS: RECOVERY, MITIGATION, AND PLANNING -- Kenneth C. Topping, Independent Consultant -- Patricia A. Bolton, Battelle Seattle Research Center -- Jerold H. Barnes, Salt Lake County Planning -- APPENDIXES -- APPENDIX A Symposium Presenters -- PLENARY SESSION KEYNOTERS -- PLENARY SESSION DISCUSSANTS -- CONCURRENT BREAKOUT SESSION SPEAKERS -- SYMPOSIUM COORDINATORS -- APPENDIX B Symposium Agenda -- APPENDIX C Attendees at the Symposium -- APPENDIX D Biographical Sketches of the Members of the Committee on Practical Lessons From the Loma...