Microclimate, vegetation and fauna -- Contents -- Preface -- 1.Introduction -- 1.1Vegetation and macroclimate -- 1.2 Macro, meso and microclimate -- 2. Microclimate: principles and processes -- 2.1 Energy balance of a dry surface -- 2.2 Solar radiation -- 2.3 Heat radiation -- 2.3.1 General -- 2.3.2 Atmospheric long-wave radiation -- 2.3.3 Long-wave radiation in spatially complex situations -- 2.3.4 Net radiation -- 2.4 Heat transfer to the air -- 2.5 Air humidity -- 2.6 Evaporation -- 2.7 Thermal properties of the soil surface -- 2.7.1 Temperature and energy budget of a wet surface -- 2.7.2 High surface temperatures -- 2.8 Thermal properties of the soil -- 2.9 The situation at night -- 2.9.1 Energy balance, night frost -- 2.9.2 Water relations, dew formation and hoarfrost -- 2.10 Wind -- 2.11 Snow -- 2.12 Aspect and inclination -- 3. The influence of vegetation on microclimate -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The energy and water balance of the vegetation -- 3.3 Vegetation and microclimate -- 3.4 The microclimate of forests -- 3.4.1 Temperature and humidity -- 3.4.2 Precipitation -- 3.4.3 Light climate -- 3.5 The microclimate of heathland -- 3.6 The microclimate of juniper scrub -- 3.6.1 Vegetation -- 3.6.2 Temperature and radiation -- 3.6.3 Precipitation -- 3.6.4 Evaporation, air and soil moisture -- 3.6.5 Periodicity of fungi -- 3.6.6 Litter fall -- 3.6.7 Microclimatological experiments -- 3.7 The microclimate of grassland -- 3.7.1 Microclimatological grassland types -- 3.7.2 Vegetation mosaic and temperature mosaic in grasslands -- 3.8 The microclimate of vegetation edges and gaps -- 3.8.1 Introduction -- 3.8.2 The open shade -- 3.8.3 Warm fringes, south sides -- 3.8.4 The microclimate of gaps -- 4. The biological significance of the microclimate for plants and animals -- 4.1 The significance of temperature and air humidity for living organisms.

4.1.1 Introduction -- 4.1.2 Evaporation and transpiration -- 4.1.3 Heat and water budget of vascular plants -- 4.1.4 Heat and water budget of poikilothermie animals -- 4.1.5 Heat and water budget of homoiothermic ani mals -- 4.2 Resistance and preference -- 4.3 Phenological aspects -- 4.4 The influence of microclimate on texture and structure of vegetation -- 4.4.1 Introduction -- 4.4.2 Leaf size -- 4.4.3 Leaf consistency -- 4.4.4 Leaf inclination -- 5. The analysis of the microclimate -- 5.1 Methods of investigation -- 5.1.1 Objects of investigation -- 5.1.2 Choice of measurement points, location and number -- 5.1.3 Time of measurement -- 5.1.4 Measurement height -- 5.1.5 Choice of parameters and locations -- 5.1.6 How to measure -- 5.2 Instruments and investigation techniques -- 5.2.1 General remarks -- 5.2.2 Temperature measurement -- 5.2.3 Measurement of air humidity -- 5.2.4 Measurement of radiation -- 5.2.5 Measurement of heat flow -- 5.2.6 Measurement of wind -- 5.2.7 The use of modéls -- 5.2.8 Tools for site descriptions -- 6 Birds in the sun -- 6.1. Energetics and energy flows of birds -- 6.1.1. Introduction -- 6.1.2. Energetics of the bird -- 6.1.3. Production and flow of energy -- 6.1.4 Operative temperatures in winter -- 6.2. Observations on behaviour -- 6.2.1 Field observations on sunning birds -- 6.2.2. Sunning behaviour against parasites -- Epilogue -- References -- List of symbols -- General Index -- Index of Latin names.