Afghanistan's climate ranges from arid to semi-arid because it is a landlocked country in central and southern Asia. The vast majority of people work in agriculture, and agriculture accounts for a significant portion of the nation's GDP. Climate change-related droughts that have occurred repeatedly have made it increasingly difficult to implement practical water resources management techniques. Another noteworthy concern involves transboundary water flowing downstream to neighboring countries without any established sharing arrangements. Consequently, this study aims to examine drought assessment in Afghanistan over the period from 1992 to 2021. This assessment will be based on various indices, including the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI), and Surface Runoff Index (SRI). Data used in this study are remotely sensed precipitation, temperature and surface runoff data. In order to make compression between short term period and long-term period each of the indices are calculated in three different time scales (3_month, 6_month and 12_month). At the end Afghanistan’s yearly drought maps of each four indices for each of the three-time scales are drawn by Geographic Information System (GIS) and the results obtained are discussed. Accordingly, the results revealed that most of the country, notably the west of Afghanistan, has endured several, significant droughts over the last 20 years at least, and also due to regional climate variations (arid and semi-arid), these four indexes behave differently in specific situations.