Electrospinning has been recognised as a versatile method for the fabrication of continuous polymeric fibers with various type of morphology. Since it allows changing the fiber diameter, surface morphology and porosity by adjusting the solution and instrumental parameters, electrospun fibers present a wide range of properties that cannot be found in bulk materials. Through this thesis, removal of several types of pollutants from the aqueous systems was studied by using the electrospun fibers fabricated from both virgin and waste polymers. The first part of the dissertation deals with the removal of macromolecular pollutants from aqueous systems by using waste-based electrospun fibers. Electrospun fibers fabricated from CD cover and expanded polystyrene wastes were utilized for the protein-rich medical waste treatment by using Bovine Serum Albumin, Myoglobin and Trypsin as protein models. Electrospun fibers from expanded polystyrene wastes were utilized for the remediation of oily wastewaters. The second part of the dissertation deals with the polyatomic nuclear waste removal using uranyl ions as analyte and amidoxime functionalized PIM-1 electrospun fibers. The last part of this dissertation describes an approach for the fabrication of fluorine-free hydrophobic surfaces by electrospraying of methacrylate based linear and hyperbranched copolymers.