Youth in Africa's Labor Market.

Cover -- Title Page -- Contents -- Foreword -- Contributors -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Executive Summary -- Why Focus on the Transition to Work for Youth in Africa? -- Africa's Window of Opportunity -- Youth Face Several Challenges in Their Transition to Work -- African Youth Enter the Labor Market too Early and too Unprepared -- Youth Are Most Vulnerable to Demographic and Macroeconomic Conditions -- The Policy Response: Broaden Employment Opportunities, Enhance Youth Capabilities, and Offer Youth Second Chances -- Broadening Opportunities for Employment -- Increasing Youth's Capabilities -- Providing a Second Chance -- The Way Forward -- PART 1 Youth in Africa's Labor Market: A Synthesis -- CHAPTER 1 Why Is It Important for Africa to Invest in Its Youth? -- Introduction -- Why Focus on the Transition to Work? -- Africa's Demographic Transition Creates a Window of Opportunity -- The Level of Educational Attainment Has Risen-and Returns to Education Are Rising in Some Countries -- Despite Progress, Significant Challenges Remain -- The Policy Response -- Broadening Opportunities in the Labor Market -- Increasing the Capability of Youth to Take Advantage of Work Opportunities -- Giving Youth a Second Chance -- Notes -- CHAPTER 2 Transitions to Working Life for Africa's Youth -- Introduction -- Poverty and Large Income Shocks Push Children into the Work Force -- The School-to-Work Transition of Africa's Youth Is Long and Difficult -- CHAPTER 3 How Do Africa's Young People Spend Their Time? -- Introduction -- Not Many Youth Are in the Labor Market and Employed -- A Large Proportion of Youth Are "Inactive" -- Many Young People Are in School -- Young Women Have Lower Rates of School Attainment, School Enrollment, and Employment Than Young Men -- Rural Youth Are Less Likely Than Urban Youth to Be in School -- Time Use Varies by Income Group.

Teenagers and Young Adults Use Their Time Differently -- Notes -- CHAPTER 4 The Effect of Education on Income and Employment -- Introduction -- How Does Education Affect Income? -- Returns to Education Are High and Increase with Years of Education -- Returns Have Risen over Time, Particularly for Secondary Education -- How Does Education Affect Employment? -- With Time, More Education Improves Employment Outcomes -- Technical and Vocational Training Could Ease the Transition to Work -- What Effect Does Education Have on Development? -- What Keeps Educational Attainment Low? -- Notes -- CHAPTER 5 Working in Bad Jobs or Not Working at All -- Introduction -- What Makes the Transition to Work Difficult for Youth? -- Demand for Labor Has Not Kept Up with Supply -- Rapid Population Growth Has Increased the Number of Youth Entering the Job Market -- Young Women Are at a Particular Disadvantage, in Terms of Both Schooling and Employment -- Youth Are Vulnerable in the Labor Market -- Lack of Education Increases Youth Exposure to Shocks -- Poor Health Limits Employment Opportunities -- Few African Youth Earn Wages -- Underemployment Is Prevalent in Rural Areas -- Youth Unemployment Is High -- Long-Term Unemployment Is a Serious Problem in Ethiopia and Tanzania -- Many Young Africans Fail to Enter the Labor Market, Particularly Women -- Notes -- CHAPTER 6 The Three Pillars of Policy: Lessons from International Experience -- Introduction -- Pillar One: Broadening Opportunities for Employment -- Pillar Two: Building Skills and Capabilities -- Pillar Three: Offering a Second Chance So That No One Is Left Behind -- Responses from African Countries -- Program Evaluation Has Been Weak -- Future Research to Fill Knowledge Gaps -- Annex 6A. Methodology: Building an Indicator of the School-to-Work Transition.

Annex 6B. Inventory of Selected Policies and Programs on Youth Employment and Skills Development in Burkina Faso -- Government Involvement in Youth Employment Issues -- Description of Policies and Programs -- Making the Labor Market Work Better for Young People -- Improving Opportunities for Young Entrepreneurs -- Making Training Systems Work Better for Young People -- Other Interventions -- How Well Have Interventions Performed? -- Annex 6C. Inventory of Selected Policies and Programs on Youth Employment and Skills Development in Ethiopia -- Government Involvement in Youth Employment Issues -- Description of Policies and Programs -- Making the Labor Market Work Better for Young People -- Improving Opportunities for Young Entrepreneurs -- Providing Skills Training for Young People -- Other Interventions -- How Well Have Interventions Performed? -- Annex 6D. Inventory of Selected Policies and Programs on Youth Employment and Skills Development in Tanzania -- Government Involvement in Youth Employment Issues -- Description of Policies and Programs -- Making the Labor Market Work Better for Young People -- Improving Opportunities for Young Entrepreneurs -- Providing Skills Training for Young People -- Making Training Systems Work Better for Young People -- Other Interventions -- How Well Have Interventions Performed? -- Annex 6E. Inventory of Selected Policies and Programs on Youth Employment and Skills Development in Uganda -- PART 2 Youth in Africa's Labor Market: Country Case Studies -- CHAPTER 7 School-to-Work Transitions: Regional Overview -- Introduction -- Aggregate Trends -- Labor Market Implications of Demographic Pressure -- Links with Education -- Returns to Education -- Young People's Time Use -- Status of Young People in the Labor Market -- Youth Unemployment -- Youth Inactivity -- Youth Employment Characteristics.

Youth Labor Market Disadvantage -- The Transition from School to Work -- Assessment of the Transition to Working Life -- School-to-Work Transitions -- Factors Affecting the School-to-Work Transition -- Transitions Directly to Working Life -- Annex 7A.1 -- Building a Simple Indicator of the School-to-Work Transition -- Empirical Implementation -- Notes -- References -- CHAPTER 8 What Determines Labor Market Participation by Youth in Burkina Faso? -- Introduction -- Labor Market Indicators -- Occupational Transitions over Time -- Those with Multiple Jobs Are Underemployed -- Household Income, School Attendance, and Returns to Education -- Household Income Shocks, Distance to School, and Child Labor Force Participation -- Multivariate Analysis of Enrollment Decisions -- Economic Returns to Education -- Notes -- References -- CHAPTER 9 Child Labor and Youth Employment in Ethiopia -- Introduction -- National Context -- Macroeconomic Trends -- Demographic Trends -- Labor Market Characteristics -- Education Trends -- Child Labor -- Child Involvement in Economic Activity -- What Kinds of Work Do Children Perform? -- Labor Market Status of Young People in Ethiopia -- Time Use -- Unemployment -- Labor Market Disadvantage -- Transition to Working Life -- The School-to-Work Transition -- Transitions Directly to Work -- Child Labor, Human Capital, and Youth Labor Market Outcomes -- Educational Attainment -- Human Capital Levels and Labor Force Status: Descriptive Evidence -- Human Capital Levels and Labor Force Status: Econometric Analysis -- Estimation Results -- Policies and Programs for Youth Employment in Ethiopia -- National Youth Policy -- Labor Proclamation 377/2003 -- Education Policy -- Education Sector Development Program III -- Micro- and Small Enterprises Development Strategy -- Industrial Development Strategy.

Licensing and Supervision of Microfinance Institutions -- HIV/AIDS Policy -- Conclusions and Policy Recommendations -- Notes -- References -- CHAPTER 10 Youth in the Labor Market and the Transition from School to Work in Tanzania -- Introduction -- Why Is Unemployment Higher among Youth? -- Descriptive Evidence -- The Tanzanian Integrated Labour Force Survey -- School Enrollment and Labor Force Participation -- Nature of Employment -- Inactivity and Unemployment -- Reasons for Inactivity -- Job Search Methods -- Summary -- Determinants of Labor Force Status among Youth -- Notes -- References -- CHAPTER 11 How Did Universal Primary Education Affect Returns to Education and Labor Market Participation in Uganda? -- Introduction -- Education and Earnings in Uganda -- The Literature on Educational Participation in Developing Countries -- The Model -- Results -- Changes in Enrollment -- Changes in the Returns to Education -- Changes in Employment Patterns -- Concluding Remarks -- Notes -- References -- Index -- Back Cover.