WOMEN AND AGING: NEW RESEARCH -- WOMEN AND AGING: NEW RESEARCH -- Contents -- Preface -- Alcohol Use Disorders in Elderly Women: Invisible Distress -- References -- Nutritional Assessment in the Elderly: Where Do We Stand? -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Nutritional Assessment -- Techniques Used in Nutritional Assessment -- Simplified Screening Tools for Clinical Practice -- Conclusion -- References -- Working under Time Pressure: An Increasing Risk for Women's Health? -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methods -- 3. Results -- 3.1 Job Characteristics -- 3.2 Health Complaints -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- Physicians' Communication with their Older vs. Younger Female and Male Patients -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methods -- Design -- Participants -- Physicians -- Patients -- Measurements -- Results -- Descriptive Analyses -- Verbal Communication -- Hypothesis 1: Biomedical Topics -- Hypothesis 2: Psychosocial and Personal Habits Topics -- Hypothesis 3: Interviewing Skills o Physicians -- Hypothesis 4: Gender Congruence -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Women -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease in Men and Women -- Global burden -- Cardiovascular Mortality and Morbidity in Europe -- Differences between Men's and Women's Hearts -- Differences in Cardiovascular Risk Factors between Men and Women -- Differences in Ischemic Heart Disease between Men and Women -- Differences in Heart Failure between Men and Women -- Cardiac Diseases which only Affect Women -- Cardiac Diseases which Preferentially Affect Women -- Effect of the Menopause on Cardiovascular Risk Factors -- Guidelines on Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Women -- Clinical Recommendations on Lifestyle -- 1. Smoking -- 2. Physical Activity -- 3. Rehabilitation -- 4. Dietary Intake.

5. Weight Maintenance/Reduction -- 6. Omega-3 Fatty Acids -- Major Risk Factor Interventions -- 1. Blood Pressure -- 2. Lipid and Lipoprotein Levels -- 3. Diabetes Mellitus -- Preventive Drug Interventions -- 1. Aspirin -- 2. Beta-Blockers -- 3. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors/Angiotensin Receptor Blockers -- 4. Aldosterone Blockade -- 5. Antioxidant Supplements and Folic Acid -- 6. An Annual Influenza Vaccination -- Hormone Replacement Therapy -- Conclusion -- References -- Aging Women and Coronary Heart Disease -- Abstract -- Abbreviations and Acronyms -- Introduction -- Epidemiology and Prognosis of CHD in Women -- Menopause -- Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Women -- Framingham Risk Score for Women -- Clinical Features (Clinical Manifestations) and Outcome -- Noninvasive Tests in the Diagnosis of CHD in Women -- Invasive Diagnostic Procedures (Coronary Angiography) -- Management of Coronary Heart Disease in Women -- Recommendations for Management of Cardiovascular Risk in Women -- Medical Treatment -- Invasive Procedures -- Percutaneous Coronary Intervention -- Bypass Surgery -- Pregnancy and CHD -- Conclusion -- References -- Prognosis of Women with Acute Coronary Syndromes - an Overview -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Definition and Clasification of Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS) -- Epidemiology of ACS -- The Outcome and Prognosis of ACS in Women and Comparison to Men -- Conclusions -- References -- The Effects of Aging on the Electrophysiological Properties of the Atrial Myocardium in Women with and without Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Material and Methods -- Study Patients -- Electrophysiologic Study -- Definitions -- Data Analysis -- Results -- The Influence of Age in Group I -- The Influence of Age in Group II -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- References.

Physiological Changes in Human Cardiac Sympathetic Innervation and Activity Assessed by 123 I-Metaiodobenzylguanidine Imaging -- Summary -- Introduction -- Material and Methods -- Patients -- Cardiac Catheterization -- MIBG Imaging -- Statistics -- Results -- Delayed H/M Ratio and Washout Rate -- Effect of Surgical Menopause in Females -- Disccusion -- Implication of MIBG Imaging -- Comparison with other Techniques -- Mechanisms Contribute to Physiological Changes -- Clinical Implication -- Conclusion -- References -- Women and Angina Pectoris: Emergency Department and Diagnostic Difficulties in an Undeveloped Community -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methods and Results -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- References -- Sarcopenia and Frailty in Older Women -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Frailty -- Definition -- Biological Mechanisms -- Muscle Mass and Strength Loss -- Inflammation and Coagulation Abnormalities -- Sex Hormones Declines -- Nervous System Impairment -- Neuroendocrine System Abnormalities -- Genetic Abnormalities -- Behavioral Factors -- Sarcopenia -- Definition -- Causes of Sarcopenia -- Hormonal Modifications -- Neuromuscular Impairment -- Oxidative Damage -- Inflammation -- Apoptosis -- Autophagy -- Protein Synthesis -- Tissue Oxygenation -- Nutrition -- Physical Inactivity -- Interventions Against Frailty and Sarcopenia -- Physical Exercise -- Hormone Replacement Therapy -- DHEA -- Testosterone -- Estrogen -- GH -- Pharmacological Intervention -- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors -- Nutrition -- Caloric Restriction -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Resistance Training for Musculoskeletal Health and the Prevention of Disability in Postmenopausal Women -- Abstract -- Introduction -- I. Age Changes in Muscle Strength, Muscle Mass, and Skeletal Integrity -- A. Muscle Strength -- B. Skeletal Muscle Mass.

C. Bone Mineral Density -- D. Relationship Between Body Composition and Muscle Strength, and Bone Density in Postmenopausal Women -- II. Hormonal Mechanisms Contributing to Losses in Muscle Mass, Strength and Musculoskeletal Integrity in Postmenopausal Women -- A. Background -- B. Muscle Mass and Strength -- C. Musculoskeletal Integrity -- III. Effect of Resistance Training on Hormonal Responses, Muscle Strength, and Musculoskeletal Integrity in Postmenopausal Women -- A. Application of Resistance Training -- B. Hormonal Responses and Adaptations -- C. Adaptations in Muscle Strength -- D. Adaptations in Skeletal Muscle Mass -- E. Adaptations in Bone Mineral Density -- Conclusion -- References -- Endothelial Dysfunction in Post-Menopausal Women -- Abstract -- Introduction -- 1. Endothelial Function -- 2. Endothelial Dysfunction -- 3. Evaluation of Endothelial Dysfunction -- 3.1. Invasive Techniques for Assessing Endothelial Function -- 3.2. Non-Invasive Techniques for Assessing Endothelial Function -- a) Flow Mediated Dilation -- b) Gauge-Strain Plethysmography (Evaluation of Reactive Hyperaemia) -- 4. Endothelial Dysfunction in Post-Menopausal Women -- 5. Therapeutic Modification of Endothelial Dysfunction in Post-Menopausal Women -- a) Statins and Endothelial Function in Post-Menopausal Women -- b) Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors/ Angiotensin Receptor Blockers -- c) Activator of the Peroxisome Proliferators Receptor γ/Insulin Sensitizers -- d) L-Arginine -- e) Antioxidants -- f) Hormone Replacement Therapy Studies of Endothelial Dysfunction in Post-Menopausal Women -- g) Studies of Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) as Primary or Secondary Prevention of Atherosclerosis in Post-Menopausal Women -- Conclusion -- References -- Hip Fracture in Elderly Women: Risk Factors, Management and Prevention -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Epidemiology.

Anatomy of Hip Fracture and Management -- Risk Factors for Hip Fracture and Assessment of Fracture Risk -- Therapies for Hip Fracture Prevention -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Age-Related Micro- and Ultrastructural Changes in Women's Bone -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Background -- 1.2 Hierarchy of Bone -- 1.2.1 Macrostructure of Bone -- 1.2.2 Microstructure of Bone -- 1.2.3 Ultrastructure of Bone -- 2. Structural Changes Versus Bone Quality -- 2.1 Micro-Structural Changes Versus Bone Quality -- 2.2 Ultra-Structural Changes Versus Bone Quality -- 2.2.1. Biomechanical Consequences of Altered Mineral Phase -- 2.2.2. Collagen Ultra-Structure Versus Bone Quality -- 3. Age-Related Changes in the Microstructure of Women Bone -- 3.1 Age-Related Changes in Cortical Bone -- 3.2. Age-Related Changes in Trabecular Bone -- 4. Age-Related Ultra-Structural Changes in Women's Bone -- 4.1. Mineral Phase Changes -- 4.2. Age-Related Collagen Changes -- 4.2.1. Collagen Fibril Orientation -- 4.2.2. Thermal Stability of Collagen -- 4.2.3 Age-Related Changes in Collagen Crosslinks -- 5. Possible Aging Mechanisms Leading to Micro- and Ultra-Structural Changes in Bone -- 5.1. Oxidative Stress -- 5.2. Hormonal and Growth Factor Changes -- 5.2.1. Sex Hormone -- 5.2.2 Growth Factors -- 5.3. Advanced Glycation Endproducts (AGEs) -- 6. Summary -- Ackowledgments -- References -- Gender and Age Differences of the Prevalence of Frail Elderly and of Functioning Decline with a Two Year Longitudinal Study in Matsue-City, Japan -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methods -- I. Gender and Age Differences in the Population Ratio of the Elderly in Need of LTC -- II. Gender and Age Differences in the Body and Mind Function of the Elderly in Need of LTC (Lateral Search).

III. Gender and Age Differences in the Body and Mind Function of the Elderly in Need of LTC with Time-Course Changes (Two Year Longitudinal Study).