Fairness in Access to Higher Education in a Global Perspective : Reconciling Excellence, Efficiency, and Justice.

Fairness in Access to Higher Education in a Global Perspective: Reconciling Excellence, Efficiency, and Justice -- TABLE OF CONTENTS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- PREFACE -- THE CRISIS OF HIGHER EDUCATION ACCESS-A CRISIS OF JUSTICE -- OVERVIEW -- Part 1: Ethical Foundations and Historical Precedents -- Part 2: Reconciling Excellence, Equity, Efficiency and otherIncompatibles-Ten Cases -- Part Three: Resistance -- Part Four: Towards a New Social Contract? -- REFERENCES -- AFFILIATIONS -- PART I: FAIRNESS IN HIGHER EDUCATION ACCESS-NORMATIVE AND HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES -- REASONING ABOUT FAIRNESS IN ACCESS TOHIGHER EDUCATION: Common Sense, Normative, and Institutional Perspectives -- PROLOGUE: CONVERSATION WITH A CHINESE COMMUNIST -- INTRODUCTION -- FAIRNESS AS A RECENT ADDITION TO EVALUATINGHIGHER EDUCATION -- The Shift from Social-Democratic to Neoliberal Models -- REASONING ABOUT FAIRNESS IN ACCESS TO HIGHER EDUCATION:THE COMMON SENSE APPROACH -- Exclusion Based on Wealth, Creed, Race, Gender, etc. -- Corruption and Bribery -- Connections and Favoritism -- Ideology and Political Correctness -- Sharp Cut-Offs and Winner Take All -- Everyone Gets In, but Nobody Gets Anywhere -- Institutional Bias -- Summary -- MERIT AND MONEY-TRADEOFF AND INCENTIVE EFFECTS -- Tradeoff Effects -- How to Measure Merit? -- Institutional Diversity and Tradeoff Effects -- Facilitating National Development -- Incentive Effects: Consumers May be Producers -- Summary -- FAIRNESS: THE NORMATIVE APPROACH -- Libertarianism -- Utilitarianism -- Kantianism and Rawls -- Rawls -- Character, Capabilities, and Excellence -- Summary: Justice is Local -- FAIRNESS IS A PACKAGE DEAL:THE INSTITUTIONAL-COMPARATIVE APPROACH -- Access for All -- Excellence -- Institutional Autonomy -- Pluralistic Assessments -- Choice and Bilateral Matching -- Public-Private Financial Equity.

BUILT-IN PROBLEMS OF JUST SYSTEMS -- Irrelevant Merit -- Hyper-Competition and Cost Increases -- IMPLICATIONS -- The Role of Moral Contracts -- The Essential Role of Government -- THE NEED FOR GLOBAL PUBLIC REASONING -- REFERENCES -- AFFILIATION -- A VISION OF EQUAL OPPORTUNITY INPOSTSECONDARY EDUCATION -- INTRODUCTION -- THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL VIEW OF EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY -- A VISION OF EQUAL POSTSECONDARY EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES -- WHEN ARE STANDARDIZED TEST REQUIREMENTS INHIGHER EDUCATION UNFAIR? -- WHY IS RACE-BASED AFFIRMATIVE ACTION IN HIGHER EDUCATION FAIR? -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- AFFILIATION -- THE LEGACY OF THE GI BILL: EQUALOPPORTUNITY IN U.S. HIGHER EDUCATIONAFTER WWII -- THE GI BILL LEGACY: THE EQUITY TRAJECTORY -- Historical Arguments about Access -- Undermining the Legacy of the GI Bill -- RETHINKING ACCESS IN THE GLOBAL TRANSITION -- New Policy Arguments about Access -- Degree Completion in Public Four-Year Colleges -- State Financing of Higher Education -- Making Sense of Rationales, Outcomes, and Public Finance -- CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- AFFILIATION -- PART II: EXCELLENCE, EQUITY, EFFECTIVENESS-A COMPARATIVE LOOK AT THE POLICIESOF ACCESS -- THE FINNISH MODEL OFHIGHER EDUCATION ACCESS: Does Egalitarianism Square With Excellence? -- INTRODUCTION -- THE POSTWAR "CULTURAL POLICY REVIVAL" -- THE RISE OF STATE INTERVENTIONISM -- STRIVING FOR EQUALITY -- THE BREAKTHROUGH OF NEW PUBLIC MANAGEMENT -- FROM EQUALITY TO EXCELLENCE AND DIVERSIFICATION -- ENVISIONING THE FUTURE -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- AFFILIATION -- CHINESE HIGHER EDUCATION: EXPANSION ANDSOCIAL JUSTICE SINCE 1949 -- INTRODUCTION -- A REDISTRIBUTIVE SYSTEM: MAO'S EXPERIMENT (1949-1976) -- THE CULTURAL REVOLUTION -- SOCIALIST STATE AND GLOBAL CAPITAL:DENG'S REFORMS SINCE 1978 -- OBTAINING NEW LEGITIMACY THROUGH SOCIAL COGNITIVE MOVEMENTS.

REFRAMING FINANCING AND THE END OF THE GOVERNMENT MONOPOLY -- The Institutional Context: Divide to Rule -- DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- AFFILIATIONS -- ACCESS POLICY AND SOCIAL JUSTICE INHIGHER EDUCATION: THE COLOMBIAN CASE -- THE HISTORICAL DYNAMICS OF COLOMBIAN HIGHER EDUCATION -EXPANSION AND DIVERSIFICATION -- Restricted Access and Inequality -- WINDS OF MODERNIZATION AND THE INVOLVEMENT OF THE WORLD BANKIN HIGHER EDUCATION -- The World Bank Model of Higher Education Reform -- Non-University Higher Education -- Equity -- Efficiency -- A Balance in Enrollments at the End of the Analyzed Period -- CONCLUSION: PUBLIC POLICY AND FAIRNESS INTHE COLOMBIAN HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- AFFILIATION -- GLOBALIZATION AND ACCESS TO HIGHEREDUCATION IN KOREA -- BACKGROUND -- ACADEMIC ACCESS -- Changing Context of Educational Access -- The Three-No's Policy -- Access versus Excellence: A Persistent Debate overHigh School Equalization Policy -- The University Admissions System: A Step toward Deregulation? -- FINANCIAL ACCESS -- Quantitative Expansion of Higher Education and the Consequences -- Rising College Tuition and Public and Political Debates over Reducingthe Tuition Burden -- Improving College Affordability through Structural Reforms of Universities -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- AFFILIATIONS -- THE EFFECTS OF COLLEGE COST AND FINANCIALAID IN GERMANY: Why Are Students Sensitive to College Costs in a Low-Cost / High-Aid System? -- INTRODUCTION -- COLLEGE COSTS AND FINANCIAL AID IN GERMANY -- College Costs -- Financial Aid -- Loans -- Financial Packages and Unmet Financial Need -- THE EFFECTS OF COLLEGE COSTS AND FINANCIAL AID ONCOLLEGE ACCESS -- College Costs -- Tuition Fees -- Financial Aid (The BAFöG program) -- Student Loans -- WHY ARE LOW-SES STUDENTS SENSITIVE TO SMALLINCREASES IN COLLEGE COSTS?.

Credit Constraints -- Low Net Monetary Benefit -- Misinformation about the Net Benefits of a College Degree -- Loan Aversion -- CONCLUSION -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- AFFILIATIONS -- HIGHER EDUCATION ACCESS INPOST-SOVIET GEORGIA: OVERCOMINGA LEGACY OF CORRUPTION -- SOVIET AND EARLY POST-SOVIET POLICIESOF UNIVERSITY ADMISSIONS -- UNIVERSITY ADMISSIONS IN POST-TRANSITION GEORGIA -- EQUITY IMPLICATIONS OF CENTRALIZED, TEST-SCORE-BASEDADMISSIONS SYSTEM -- CONCLUSION AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- AFFILIATION -- THE QUEST FOR ACCESS, EQUITY AND SOCIALJUSTICE IN HIGHER EDUCATION IN SOUTH AFRICA -- INTRODUCTION -- ACCESS, EQUITY AND SOCIAL JUSTICE AS PILLARS IN THETRANSFORMATION OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN SOUTH AFRICA -- THE CASE FOR ACCESS AND EQUITY IN HIGHER EDUCATION -- THE USE OF FUNDING TO FACILITATE ACCESS AND EQUITY -- STATISTICAL OVERVIEW OF ATTEMPTS AT ADDRESSING ACCESS ANDEQUITY IN SOUTH AFRICAN HIGHER EDUCATION -- TRANSFORMING THE HIGHER EDUCATION LANDSCAPE -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- AFFILIATIONS -- BRAZIL'S RADICAL APPROACH TO EXPANDINGACCESS FOR UNDERREPRESENTEDCOLLEGE STUDENTS -- INTRODUCTION -- RACE AND COLOR IN BRAZIL -- REUNI -- PROUNI -- MANAGERIALISM AND GLOBILIZATION IN THE "GLOBAL SOUTH" -- Evaluation -- Globalization -- Managerialism -- ANALYSIS OF ACCESS POLICIES AND INITIATIVES -- SUMMARY -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- AFFILIATIONS -- INCOME-CONTINGENT REPAYMENTAS PUBLIC POLICY: The Applicability of the Australian Higher Education Finance Modelto the American Context -- THE AUSTRALIAN CONTEXT -- THE IMPACT OF THE HIGHER EDUCATION CONTRIBUTION SCHEME ONUNIVERSITY ENROLLMENTS IN AUSTRALIA -- EXPLORATION OF THE EFFICACY OF THE AUSTRALIAN MODEL -- APPLICATION TO THE AMERICAN CONTEXT -- The Role of Private Financial Institutions -- Potential Scope and Cost of the Program -- Pilot Study Options.

Limits of Financial Strategies to Address Sociocultural Problems -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- AFFILIATION -- PART III: RESISTANCE TO MANAGERIALISM:CHILE AND CALIFORNIA -- CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF THE STUDENTPROTESTS IN CHILE -- INTRODUCTION -- THE CONTEXT: BACKGROUND OF THE EDUCATION SYSTEMAND CURRENT SITUATION -- The Origin of the Student Movement -- Mobilization and the Protest -- Background of the Conflict -- Financing -- Indebtedness -- Profit -- Quality -- Access and Equity -- Oversupply of Professionals -- Role of the State and Institutionality -- CONSEQUENCES OF THE STUDENT MOBILIZATIONS -- Financing -- Profit -- Quality -- Access -- Changes in the State's Role in Higher Education -- CONCLUSION -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- AFFILIATIONS -- ALTERNATIVES TO MANAGERIALISM: DEFENDINGPUBLIC HIGHER EDUCATION IN CALIFORNIA -- INTRODUCTION -- REFORMS AND CUTS IN CALIFORNIAN HIGHER EDUCATION: THE CASEOF THE UC SYSTEM -- METHODOLOGY AND CONCEPTS -- PROTESTERS' CRITIQUE AND ALTERNATIVE VISIONS OFTHE PUBLIC UNIVERSITY -- CONCLUSION -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- AFFILIATION -- PART IV: POLICY CHANGES TOWARDS GREATER FAIRNESS -- FAIRNESS IN ACCESS TO HIGHER EDUCATION:TOWARDS A GLOBAL PUBLIC DEBATE -- INTRODUCTION -- THE NEOLIBERAL MODEL: LIMITS AND OBJECTIONS -- The New Condition -- Objections to the Neoliberal Model -- PARAMETERS OF THE DEBATE -- Solutions will be Incomplete -- Pure versus Mixed Systems -- Not Only About Money: What Kind of a University Do We Want? -- Solutions will be Local -- The Role of Cultural-Moral Norms: Loan Aversion in Germany and Finland -- Why Have Germany and Finland Chosen Different Paths in FinancingHigher Education? -- Persistence of "Pre-Rational" Access Problems: Brazil and South Africa -- THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME -- A HISTORICAL JUNCTURE? -- REFERENCES -- AFFILIATIONS.

RECONCILING EFFICIENCY WITH EXCELLENCEAND FAIRNESS: PROPOSALS FOR POLICYAND PRACTICE.