Electricity in Economic Growth.

Electricity in Economic Growth -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Summary -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- CONCLUSIONS -- Electricity Consumption -- Productivity Growth -- Technical Change -- The Effects of Price Changes -- Conservation -- Composition of National Output -- Regional Differences -- 1 Introduction, Conclusions, and Recommendations -- INTRODUCTION -- Two Important Relationships -- The Structure of the Task -- CONCLUSIONS -- Electricity Consumption -- Productivity Growth -- Technical Change -- The Effects of Price Changes -- Conservation -- The Composition of National Output -- Regional Differences -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- 2 Historical Perspective -- HISTORICAL PATTERNS: 1902 TO 1983 -- The Growth of Electricity and Other Energy Consumption -- Electricity Growth in Relation to the Growth of Gross National Product -- POST-WORLD WAR II TRENDS: 1947 TO 1983 -- The Growth of Electricity Use and of Gross National Product -- Electricity Use in the Major Consuming Sectors -- Trends in Residential Use of Electricity -- Trends in Commercial Use of Electricity -- Trends in Industrial Use of Electricity -- The Effects of Structural Change on Electricity Intensity -- Measuring Structural Change -- Electricity Intensity of the Sectors -- Electricity Intensity within Manufacturing -- Changes in Energy Prices -- Price Movements -- Price Elasticities -- CONTINUITY AND CHANGE: PRE-AND POST-EMBARGO TRENDS -- REFERENCES -- 3 Electricity and Productivity Growth -- THE CONCEPT OF PRODUCTIVITY -- THE BACKGROUND -- THE RECENT DECLINE IN ECONOMIC GROWTH -- World Economies -- The U.S. Economy -- U.S. Productivity Growth -- THE ECONOMETRIC MODEL -- A Model of Sectoral Productivity Growth -- The Form of the Model -- Parameters of the Model -- Modeling the Role of Electricity in Productivity Growth -- Results from the Model -- Applying the Model.

Estimating the Biases of Productivity Growth -- Patterns of the Biases of Productivity Growth -- The Hypothesis Concerning Electricity and Productivity Growth -- Subsidiary Hypotheses -- Nonelectrical Energy and Productivity Growth -- Summary -- INTERPRETATION OF THE RECENT DECLINE IN GROWTH -- REFERENCES -- 4 Examples of Electrification and Productivity Gains -- ELECTRICITY AND TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS -- KINDS OF TECHNICAL CHANGE THAT ALTER ELECTRICITY USE -- EXAMPLES OF ELECTRICITY-DEPENDENT TECHNICAL CHANGE -- Arc Furnace Steelmaking -- Metals Processing by Lasers and Electron Beams -- Laser Processing -- Electron Beam Processing -- Investments in Energy Efficiency of Buildings -- Automation -- OTHER INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGIES -- THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ELECTRIFICATION -- REFERENCES -- 5 Future Economic Influences on Electricity Use -- THE RANGE OF RECENT FORECASTS -- THE CHANGING COMPOSITION OF NATIONAL OUTPUT -- The Industrial Sector -- Trends in Electricity Use -- The Growth of Electrified Processes -- The Commercial Sector -- The Residential Sector -- PRICES OF ELECTRICITY AND OTHER FUELS -- General Price Considerations -- Regional Price Considerations -- Effects of Price on Electricity Use -- PRACTICES AND POTENTIALS FOR EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTS: CONSERVATION AND LOAD MANAGEMENT -- Utility Experience -- Prospects for Realizing the Potential of Conservation and Load Management -- Economic Effects -- THE OUTLOOK -- REFERENCES -- Appendix A Statement of Work -- Appendix B Measures of Economic Growth and of Electricity Demand -- Appendix C Econometric Model of Production and Technical Change -- TECHNICAL APPENDIX -- Appendix D Excerpts From an Analysis of the Expected Impact of Various Electrotechnologies on Electricity Demand -- TERMS USED IN THE TABLES -- Glossary.