Cover -- Contents -- Figure Credits -- Foreword -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Foundation for a Science of Data Visualisation -- Visualization Stages -- Experimental Semiotics Based on Perception -- Semiotics of Graphics -- Pictures as Sensory Languages -- Sensory versus Arbitrary Symbols -- Properties of Sensory and Arbitrary Representation -- Testing Claims about Sensory Representations -- Arbitrary Conventional Representations -- The Study of Arbitrary Conventional Symbols -- A Model of Perceptual Processing -- Stage 1: Parallel Processing to Extract Low-Level Properties of the Visual Scene -- Stage 2: Pattern Perception -- Stage 3: Sequential Goal-Directed Processing -- Types of Data -- Entities -- Relationships -- Attributes of Entities or Relationships -- Operations Considered as Data -- Metadata -- Conclusion -- Chapter 2 The Environment, Optics, Resolution and the Display -- The Environment -- Visible Light -- Ecological Optics -- Optical Flow -- Textured Surfaces and Texture Gradients -- The Paint Model of Surfaces -- The Eye -- The Visual Angle Defined -- The Lens -- Optics and Augmented-Reality Systems -- Optics in Virtual-Reality Displays -- Chromatic Aberration -- Receptors -- Simple Acuities -- Acuity Distribution and the Visual Field -- Brain Pixels and the Optimal Screen -- Spatial Contrast Sensitivity Function -- Visual Stress -- The Optimal Display -- Aliasing -- Number of Dots -- Superacuities and Displays -- Temporal Requirements of the Perfect Display -- Conclusion -- Chapter 3 Lightness, Brightness, Contrast and Constancy -- Neurons, Receptive Fields, and Brightness Illusions -- Simultaneous Brightness Contrast -- Mach Bands -- The Chevreul Illusion -- Simultaneous Contrast and Errors in Reading Maps -- Contrast Effects and Artifacts in Computer Graphics -- Edge Enhancement -- Luminance, Brightness, Lightness, and Gamma.

Luminance -- Brightness -- Adaptation, Contrast, and Lightness Constancy -- Contrast and Constancy -- Perception of Surface Lightness -- Lightness Differences and the Gray Scale -- Monitor Illumination and Monitor Surrounds -- Conclusion -- Chapter 4 Color -- Trichromacy Theory -- Color Blindness -- Color Measurement -- Change of Primaries -- CIE System of Color Standards -- Chromaticity Coordinates -- Color Differences and Uniform Color Spaces -- Opponent Process Theory -- Naming -- Cross-Cultural Naming -- Unique Hues -- Neurophysiology -- Categorical Colors -- Properties of Color Channels -- Color Appearance -- Color Contrast -- Saturation -- Brown -- Applications of Color in Visualization -- Application 1: Color Specification Interfaces and Color Spaces -- Application 2: Color for Labeling -- Application 3: Color Sequences for Data Maps -- Application 4: Color Reproduction -- Application 5: Color for Exploring Multidimensional Discrete Data -- Conclusion -- Chapter 5 Visual Attention and Information that Pops Out -- Searching the Visual Field -- Useful Field of View -- Tunnel Vision and Stress -- The Role of Motion in Attracting Attention -- Reading from the Iconic Buffer -- Preattentive Processing -- Rapid Area Judgments -- Coding with Combinations of Features -- Conjunctions with Spatial Dimensions -- Highlighting -- Designing a Symbol Set -- Neural Processing, Graphemes, and Tuned Receptors -- The Grapheme -- The Gabor Model and Texture in Visualization -- Texture Segmentation -- Tradeoffs in Information Density: An Uncertainty Principle -- Texture Coding Information -- Primary Perceptual Dimensions of Texture -- Generation of Distinct Textures -- Spatial-Frequency Channels, Orthogonality, and Maps -- Texture Resolution -- Texture Contrast Effects -- Other Dimensions of Visual Texture -- Texture Field Displays.

Glyphs and Multivariate Discrete Data -- Restricted Classification Tasks -- Speeded Classification Tasks -- Integral-Separable Dimension Pairs -- Monotonicity of Visual Attributes -- Multidimensional Discrete Data -- Stars, Whiskers, and Other Glyphs -- Conclusion -- Chapter 6 Static and Moving Patterns -- Gestalt Laws -- Proximity -- Similarity -- Connectedness -- Continuity -- Symmetry -- Closure -- Relative Size -- Figure and Ground -- More on Contours -- Perceiving Direction: Representing Vector Fields -- Comparing 2D Flow Visualization Techniques -- Perception of Transparency: Overlapping Data -- Pattern Learning -- The Perceptual Syntax of Diagrams -- The Grammar of Node-Link Diagrams -- The Grammar of Maps -- Patterns in Motion -- Form and Contour in Motion -- Moving Frames -- Expressive Motion -- Perception of Causality -- Perception of Animate Motion -- Enriching Diagrams with Simple Animation -- Conclusion -- Chapter 7 Visual Objects and Data Objects -- Image-Based Object Recognition -- Applications of Images in User Interfaces -- Structure-Based Object Recognition -- Geon Theory -- Silhouettes -- Faces -- The Object Display and Object-Based Diagrams -- The Geon Diagram -- Perceiving the Surface Shapes of Objects -- Spatial Cues for Representing Scalar Fields -- Integration of Cues for Surface Shape -- Interaction of Shading and Contour -- Guidelines for Displaying Surfaces -- Bivariate Maps: Lighting and Surface Color -- Cushion Maps -- Integration -- Conclusion -- Chapter 8 Space Perception and the Display of Data in Space -- Depth Cue Theory -- Perspective Cues -- Pictures Seen from the Wrong Viewpoint -- Occlusion -- Depth of Focus -- Cast Shadows -- Shape-from-Shading -- Eye Accommodation -- Structure-from-Motion -- Eye Convergence -- Stereoscopic Depth -- Problems with Stereoscopic Displays -- Making Effective Stereoscopic Displays.

Artificial Spatial Cues -- Depth Cues in Combination -- Task-Based Space Perception -- Tracing Data Paths in 3D Graphs -- Judging the Morphology of Surfaces and Surface Target Detection -- Patterns of Points in 3D Space -- Judging Relative Positions of Objects in Space -- Judging the Relative Movement of Self within the Environment -- Reaching for Objects -- Judging the "Up" Direction -- The Aesthetic Impression of 3D Space (Presence) -- Conclusion -- Chapter 9 Images, Worlds and Gestures -- Coding Words and Images -- The Nature of Language -- Visual and Spoken Language -- Images vs. Words -- Links between Images and Words -- Static Links -- Gestures as Linking Devices -- Deixis -- Symbolic Gestures -- Expressive Gestures -- Visual Momentum in Animated Sequences -- Animated Visual Languages -- Conclusion -- Chapter 10 Interacting with Visualizations -- Data Selection and Manipulation Loop -- Choice Reaction Time -- 2D Positioning and Selection -- Hover Queries -- Path Tracing -- Two-Handed Interaction -- Learning -- Control Compatibility -- Vigilance -- Exploration and Navigation Loop -- Locomotion and Viewpoint Control -- Frames of Reference -- Map Orientation -- Focus, Context, and Scale -- Rapid Interaction with Data -- Conclusion -- Chapter 11 Thinking with Visualizations -- Memory Systems -- Visual Working Memory -- Visual Working Memory Capacity -- Rensink's Model -- Eye Movements -- Accommodation -- Eye Movements, Search, and Monitoring -- Long-Term Memory -- Problem Solving with Visualizations -- Visual Problem Solving Processes -- The Problem Solving Strategy -- Visual Query Construction -- The Pattern-Finding Loop -- The Eye Movement Control Loop -- The Intrasaccadic Scanning Loop -- Implications for Interactive Visualization Design -- Interfaces to Knowledge Structures -- Creative Problem Solving -- Conclusion.

Appendix A Changing Primaries -- Appendix B CIE Color Measurement System -- Appendix C The Perceptual Evaluation of Visualization Techniques and Systems -- Research Goals -- Psychophysics -- Detection Methods -- Method of Adjustment -- Cognitive Psychology -- Structural Analysis -- Testbench Application for Discovery -- Structured Interviews -- Rating Scales -- Statistical Exploration -- Principal Components Analysis -- Multidimensional Scaling -- Clustering -- Multiple Regression -- Cross-Cultural Studies -- Child Studies -- Practical Problems in Conducting User Studies -- Experimenter Bias -- How Many Subjects to Use? -- Combinatorial Explosion -- Task Identification -- Controls -- Getting Help -- Bibliography -- Subject Index -- Author Index -- About the Author.