Contents -- Abbreviations -- Foreword -- Executive Summary -- 1. Gender, Poverty and Development Policy -- Introduction -- A Brief History of Poverty Reduction Policies -- Up to the 1960s: Early strategies for growth -- 1970s and 1980s: Economic crises and structural adjustment -- 1990s: Reports from the World Bank and UNDP -- 2000: World Development Report (WDR) -- The United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) -- Putting Gender on the Policy Agenda -- 1970s and 1980s: Making the links between gender and development -- Gender and the 1990 World Development Report -- Gender and the Human Development Report (HDR) -- Gender and the 2000 World Development Report -- The World Bank's 2001 report -- Gender and the Millennium Development Goals -- Conclusion -- 2. Integrating Gender into Macroeconomic Analysis -- Introduction -- Gender Bias in Macroeconomic Analysis -- Early models of economic growth -- The gender bias in macroeconomic analysis -- Making models less gender-blind -- Gender and micro-economic responses -- Institutions and actors in a gendered economy -- Empirical Findings -- The impact of macro-level policy -- Gender and 'computable general equilibrium' (CGE) models -- Gender Equality and Economic Growth: Competing Hypotheses -- a. The 'positive synergy' hypothesis -- b. The 'trade-off' hypothesis -- Conclusion -- 3. The Geography of Gender Inequality -- Introduction -- Institutions and Gender Inequality -- Regional Perspectives on Gender Inequality -- Asia -- Sub-Saharan Africa -- Latin America and the Caribbean -- Updating the Geography of Gender -- Globalisation and the rise of flexible labour markets -- Gender and labour force participation in the 1980s and 1990s -- Gender and hierarchies in the labour market -- Classifying Gender Constraints -- Conclusion -- 4. Approaches to Poverty Analysis and its Gender Dimensions.

Introduction -- The Poverty Line Approach -- Separating the poor from the non-poor -- Female-headed households and the 'feminisation of poverty' -- The Capabilities Approach -- Expanding the concepts of 'means' and 'ends' -- Gender inequality and human development -- Gender inequality and the GDI indicators -- Male disadvantage -- Summary -- Participatory Poverty Assessments (PPAs) -- Poverty from the perspective of the poor -- Participatory assessments and gender -- Limitations of participatory assessments -- Conclusion -- 5. Gender Inequality and Poverty Eradication: Promoting Household Livelihoods -- Introduction -- Gender Inequality and Household Poverty in South Asia -- Women's work and household survival -- The gender distribution of work in rural areas -- Household poverty and women's paid work -- Gender and work in urban areas -- Household poverty and women's work in urban areas -- Gender Inequality and Household Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa -- Gender and economic activity in the rural economy -- Household poverty and women's economic activity -- Gender and economic activity in the urban economy -- Links Between Gender Inequality and Income Poverty: The Wider Picture -- Women's work and household survival -- Women's work and household responses to crisis -- Female headship and household poverty -- Gender inequality and returns to women's work -- Conclusion -- 6. Gender Equality and Human Development Outcomes: Enhancing Capabilities -- Introduction -- Gender Inequality and Human Development: The Equity Rationale -- Gender inequality and basic well-being -- Gender inequality and child survival: the evidence from South Asia -- Gender inequality and the quantity-quality trade-off -- Gender inequality, work burdens and nutrition -- Gender inequality and hazardous livelihoods -- Gender Inequality and Family Well-being: The Instrumental Rationale.

Gender, resources and children's well-being: the social connections -- Gender, resources and family welfare: preferences and priorities -- Conclusion -- 7. Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment -- Introduction -- Conceptualising Empowerment: Agency, Resources and Achievement -- Access to Education and Women's Empowerment -- Positive effects of education -- Limits to education as a route to empowerment -- Access to Paid Work and Women's Empowerment -- Waged work in the agricultural sector -- Waged work in the non-agricultural sector -- Voice, Participation and Women's Empowerment -- Women in national parliaments -- Women in local government -- Agency and Collective Action: Building Citizenship from the Grassroots -- Conclusion -- 8. Institutionalising Gender Equity Goals in the Policy Process -- Introduction -- Gender Equality and Economic Growth: Synergy or Trade-off? -- Gender equality and pro-poor growth: synergy or trade-off? -- The effects of economic growth on gender equality -- Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs): A Gender Audit -- The content and process of PRSPs -- Gender issues in the PRSPs -- Gender inequalities in voice, power and influence in the PRSPs -- Some lessons from the PRSP experience -- Sectoral strategies for poverty reduction -- Gender-responsive Budget (GRB) Analysis -- National experiences of GRBs -- Policy options highlighted by GRB analysis -- Mainstreaming Gender in Policy-making Institutions -- The Gender Management System (GMS) -- Mobilising around Gender Equity Goals: Building Active Citizenship -- Conclusion -- Select Bibliography -- Glossary.