Contents -- Figures -- Introduction: Japan in Chicago -- Buddhism and Orientalism -- Of Orientalists and Orientalism -- Orientalist Scholarship and Asian Buddhist Modernities -- Defining Eastern Buddhism -- Oriental Participation in Orientalism -- Zen for Americans and Other Histories -- Notes -- 1. Japan Faces the West -- Treaty Revision and the Chicago Exposition -- America and the Westward Progress of Civilization -- The Ferris Wheel -- Positioning the Statement: The Statement of the Site -- American Responses -- Accommodating Western Categories -- Conclusion -- Notes -- 2. Manifest Destiny: Christianity and American Imperialism -- The World's Fair Auxiliary Congresses -- The World's Parliament of Religions and Messianic Mission -- Bonney's Vision: The Origin of the Plan -- North American Ecumenism to Christian Universalism -- Exhibiting Spiritual Progress -- Exhibiting the Exotic -- The Congress as Parliament -- The Invitation and the Limits of Tolerance -- Hierarchies of Race and the Light -- Tolerance: Assimilation or Plurality? -- Conclusion -- Notes -- 3. The Rules of the Parliament: Securing the Truth -- Absence of Debate -- Authorizing Speech -- Extending Authority: The Solicited Prize Essay -- The Rule of Time -- The Finest Fruits -- Language and Authenticity -- The Published Record -- The Parliament Illustrated -- The Priority of the Text -- Conclusion -- Notes -- 4. Alterity: Buddhism as the ''Other'' of Christianity -- Buddhism of Travelers' Tales -- The Buddha as Anti-Hindu Hero -- The Scholarship of Imperialism -- Defining Northern Buddhism -- What Is a Buddha? -- The Politics of Buddhism in Ceylon -- Buddhism: Atheistic Religion -- Buddhism: Philosophical Humanism -- Buddhism: Materialist Error -- Buddhism: The Religion of Self-Reliance -- The Defining Debate: Rhys Davids versus Saint-Hilaire -- Karma and Rebirth.

Buddhism: Northern Decadence -- Conclusion -- Notes -- 5. Buddhism and Modernity in Meiji Japan -- Domestic Crisis and Criticism -- Seeking Knowledge Abroad -- Modernization and the Western Religion -- Doshisha and the Kumamoto Band -- The Question of Access -- Buddhism in Society -- Strengthening Imperial Rule -- Buddhism and Japanese Identity -- The Discourse of the Meiji Twenties -- Notes -- 6. Buddhist Revival and Japanese Nationalism -- Inoue Enryo -- Inoue the Philosopher -- Hosui, the Paradigmatic Meiji Intellectual -- Gokoku Airi -- Deploying Western Philosophy -- Buddhism and Patriotism -- A Secular Sangha -- Buddhism and International Prestige -- Taking Buddhism to the West -- Conclusion -- Notes -- 7. Deploying Wester Authority I: Henry Steel Olcott in Japan -- Olcott and Buddhist Revival in Ceylon -- Buddhism as Theosophy -- Olcott and the Revival of Buddhism in Japan -- Olcott's Tour as Performance -- Conclusion -- Notes -- 8. Buddhism and Treaty Revision: The Chicago Project -- Organizing the Delegation -- The Manifesto -- The Delegates -- Buddhism in the Campaign for Treaty Revision -- ''Heathenism'' and Treaty Revision -- Japanese Religion, Buddhism, and Heathenism -- Atheism Disrupted -- Idolatry Dismissed -- Nirvana and Social Engagement -- Imperialism and the Moral High Ground -- Responses: A Christian Gaze -- Japanese Christians in Defense of National Character -- Conservative Buddhist Opposition -- Conclusion -- Notes -- 9. Defining Eastern Buddhism -- The Chicago Presentation -- A Note on Sources -- Reclaiming Buddhism: Orientalism and Asian Modernity -- The Buddha in Southern Buddhism -- The Buddha in Eastern Buddhism -- Eastern Buddhism: Sakyamuni's Highest Teaching -- From Pan-Asian Buddhism to Universal Religion -- Buddhism for the West -- Eastern Buddhism Is Scientific -- Eastern Buddhism and Philosophical Idealism.

Interdependence and Karma -- Buddha Nature and the Nature of Buddhas -- Nirvana in Eastern Buddhism: Compassion and Social Action -- Eastern Buddhism Is a Philosophical Religion -- Of God and Soul -- Conclusion -- Notes -- 10. Paul Carus: Buddhism and Monist Mission -- Eastern Buddhism Dismissed -- Buddhism Appropriated: Paul Carus and Monist Mission -- Christ Is a Buddha -- Trinity and Trikaya -- The Gospel of Buddha: Popularizing the Construct -- Appending Authority -- The Content of the Form: The Bible as Model -- Reception -- Conclusion -- Notes -- 11. Deploying Western Authority II: Carus in Translation -- The Gospel of Buddha in Japan -- Validating the Chicago Mission -- Creating Space for Discussion -- Budda no fukuin in Buddhist Nationalism -- The Two Prefaces: The Extension of the Parliament Project -- The Preface in Open Court: The Message to the West -- Notes -- 12. From Eastern Buddhism to Zen: A Postscript -- Learning from the West -- Suzuki at La Salle -- Decentering Original Buddhism -- Decentering the Canon -- Positive, Energetic, Practical -- Zen: The Essence of Eastern Buddhism -- Buddhism, Zen, and Japanese Culture: The Hooden Revisited -- The Changing Contexts of Buddhist Nationalism -- The Eastern Buddhist Society -- Orientalism, Occidentalism, and Eastern Buddhism -- Notes -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- A-B -- C-D -- E-I -- J-M -- N-R -- S-T -- U-Z.