Cover -- Title Page -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acronyms and Abbreviations -- Acknowledgments -- About the Authors -- 1 Background and Context -- Introduction -- Globalization and Global Poverty -- Dimensions of Poverty -- Income -- Health -- Education -- Empowerment -- Working Conditions -- Assessment of Dimensions of Poverty -- A Historical View -- Stages of the Modern Era of Globalization -- Modern Globalization and Global Poverty -- The Globalization-Poverty Relationship -- Trade -- Finance -- Aid -- Migration -- Ideas -- Areas for Action -- Balanced Outcomes to Global Trade Negotiations -- Increase Aid, Assistance, and Debt Relief -- Enhance the Benefits and Mitigate the Negative Effects of Migration -- Support of Global Public Goods -- The Purpose of this Book -- Notes -- 2 Globalization and Poverty -- Introduction -- The Developing World -- The Impact of an Expanding Population -- GDP Figures of the Developing World -- Low- and Middle-Income Countries -- Poverty -- Definition of "Poor" -- Poverty and Global Inequality -- The Composition of Poverty -- Poverty Indicators: Life Expectancy -- Poverty Indicators: Health -- Health Deprivation: Infant Mortality -- Health Deprivation: Malnutrition -- Health Deprivation: Implications of Female Education -- A Global Imperative -- Trade and Foreign Direct Investment -- The Magnitude of Trade and FDI -- Sectoral Structure of Exports -- Manufacturing Exports -- Agricultural Exports -- Commercial Services Exports -- Capital, Aid, and Remittance Flows -- The Role of FDI -- The Role of Portfolio Flows -- The Role of Foreign Aid -- The Role of Remittances -- The Role of Trade -- Ideas -- Ideas for Development -- Emerging Middle Ground -- Human Rights -- Role of Ideas in Globalization -- Ways to Measure the Flow of Ideas -- Summary -- Annex: Low- and Middle-Income Countries, 2004 -- Low-Income Countries.

Middle-Income Countries -- Notes -- 3 Trade -- Introduction -- International Trade and Its Impact on Poverty -- Export Activity -- Competition -- Productivity Increases: Exports -- Productivity Increases: Imports -- Access to Foreign Markets -- Impact on Health and Safety -- Characteristics of Developing-Country Trade -- Market Expansion -- Role of Trade in Alleviating Poverty -- Supporting Rural Incomes: Vietnam's Rice Sector -- Supporting Manufacturing Incomes: Bangladesh's Clothing Industry -- Promise of Technological Upgrading -- Competition -- Procompetitive Effects: Grameen Bank's Village Phone Program in Bangladesh -- Procompetitive Effects: Cotton Farmers in Zimbabwe -- Assessing Effects of Procompetitive Trade -- Productivity -- Trade and Productivity: Import Side -- Trade and Productivity: Export Side -- Trade and Productivity: Importance of Learning -- Empirical Evidence of Successful Learning -- Learning and Skill Levels -- Learning for High-Technology Manufacture Exports: The Maquiladora Export Sector -- Inward FDI -- Mauritius: Example of Trade-Supported Productivity Increase -- Market Access -- Tariffs -- Tariff Levels -- Tariff Escalation -- Subsidies -- Quotas -- Standards and Regulations -- EU Food Standards -- Facing Rising Standards and Increasing Regulations -- Security Checks -- Trade Protectionism: Costs for Developing Countries -- The Primary Product Problem -- Commodity Prices -- Commodity Price Declines -- Impact of Protectionist Policies -- Impact of Foreign Aid -- Trade-Related Capacity Building -- Aid and Trade: A Complementary Relationship -- Needs of Developing Countries: Capacity Building -- Promises of the Developed Countries and the WTO -- Health and Safety -- Trade in Arms -- Trade in Hazardous Waste -- Export Production Processes and Health -- Cost of Generating Income: Health and Safety Compromised.

Illegal Trade -- Conclusions -- Trade Protectionism: A Barrier to Alleviating Poverty -- Commodity Price Declines -- Capacity Building -- Trade: Impact on Health and Safety of the Poor -- Trade Liberalization -- Notes -- 4 Finance -- Introduction -- Capital Flows and Balance of Payments -- Capital Flows: Classifications -- Foreign Direct Investment -- Equity Portfolio Investment -- Bond Finance -- Commercial Bank Lending -- Impact of Capital Flows -- Recent Trends -- Capital Flows to Low-Income Countries -- Commercial Bank Lending as Primary Source -- Increase in Significance of FDI -- Unreliability of Portfolio Investment -- Capital Flows to Middle-Income Countries -- Reasons for Increase in Capital Flows -- Capital Flows as a Percentage of GDP -- Summary of Evolution of Capital Flows -- Financial Development -- The Developing World as Exporter of Capital -- Financial Markets: Global and Domestic Capital Flows -- Impact of Global Capital Flows -- The Importance of Domestic Savings -- Flight Capital -- Financial Market Failures -- Asymmetry of Information in Financial Markets -- Credit Rating Agencies -- Role of Government Failure in Financial Market Failure -- Role of Foreign Short-Term Lending in Financial Market Failure -- Impact of Market Failure on Poor People -- Financial Sector Reforms -- Foreign Direct Investment -- FDI Recipient Countries -- Multinational Enterprises -- Potential Benefits of MNEs to Host Country: Technology Transfer -- Benefits from Local Source Inputs -- Benefits from Spillover Effects -- Factors that Determine Spillover Effects -- Learning and Education -- Wages -- Avoiding the Low-Income, Low-Skill Trap -- Costs of Hosting FDI -- FDI and Poverty Alleviation: An Assessment -- Equity Portfolio Investment -- Reasons for High Equity Portfolio Impact -- Role of Equity Market Prices.

Features of Developing-Country Equity Markets -- Development of Equity Markets -- The Promise of Portfolio Equity for Poverty Alleviation -- Debt: Bond Finance and Commercial Bank Lending -- Bond Finance -- Commercial Bank Lending -- Supporting the Development of Banking Sectors -- Debt Flows Compared with Equity Flows -- Summary -- Long-Term Trend of Financial Development -- Absorptive Capacity Requirements -- Impact of Fiscal Imbalance in the United States on Poverty Alleviation -- Notes -- 5 Aid -- Introduction -- A Brief History of Aid Flows -- Colonial Nature of Early Foreign Aid -- Tied Nature of Early Foreign Aid -- Modern Foreign Aid in the Wake of World War II -- Foreign Aid and the Cold War -- Foreign Aid after the Cold War: Poverty Reduction Efforts -- Modern Goals of Development Assistance -- The Multifaceted Impact of Aid -- Kinds of Aid: Disaster Relief and Transition -- Kinds of Aid: Adjustment Programs -- Rethinking Development Models and the Role of Aid -- The Importance of Public Policy -- Improving the Effectiveness of Aid -- Assisting Weak States -- Approaches for Post-Conflict and Weak States -- Experience of Sub-Saharan Africa -- Aid for Post-Conflict Countries in Need of Reform -- Innovative Aid Programs -- Onchocerciasis Control Program (OCP) -- The Green Revolution -- African Economic Research Consortium (AERC) -- Easing the Burden of Debt -- Components of Foreign Debt -- Build Up of Unsustainable Debt in Highly Indebted Countries -- The Debt Crisis -- International Debt Relief Efforts: HIPC Initiative -- The Millennium Development Goals and Donor Coordination -- A New Way Forward -- Notes -- 6 Migration -- Introduction -- A Brief History of World Migration Flows -- Sources of Migrants in the Age of Mass Migration -- Asian Migration in the Colonial Era -- The Decline of the Age of Mass Migration.

The Fall and Rise of Migration Flows in the 20th Century -- Legal Framework of Modern Migration -- Structure of Migrant Flows -- A Typology of Contemporary International Migration Flows -- Permanent Settlers -- Economic Migrants -- Family Migrants -- Highly Skilled Expatriates -- Competition for Highly Skilled Expatriates -- High-Skill Expatriate Visas as a Route to Permanent Residency -- Low-Skilled Expatriates -- Low-Skill Expatriates in Oil-Exporting Countries of the Middle East -- Low-Skill Expatriates in East Asian Countries -- Abuse and Exploitation of Low-Skilled Migrants -- Asylum Seekers -- Changes to the Asylum System at the End of the Cold War -- Controversy of the Asylum System -- Remittances of Asylum Seekers -- Refugees -- Distinction between Refugees and Asylum Seekers -- Demands on the Refugee System -- Undocumented Migrants -- Voluntary Undocumented Migrants -- Human Trafficking -- Visa-Free Migration -- Students -- Understanding the Decision to Migrate -- Costs of Migration -- The Migration Hump -- The Role of Information in Migration Decisions -- Chain Migration -- Impact of Source Country Pressures on Emigration -- Benefits and Costs for Source Countries -- Brain Drain -- Impact of Brain Drain on Capacity -- Impact of Brain Drain on Heavily Populated Countries -- Wealth Transfer from Brain Drain -- Impact of Brain Drain on Training -- Brain Drain and Foreign Direct Investment -- Remittances -- Impact of Remittances on Small Countries -- Improving the Development Impact of Remittances -- Improving Efficiency of Remittance Channels -- Benefits and Costs for Destination Countries -- Fiscal Impact of Migration on Destination Countries -- Role of Migration in Sustaining Pension Systems -- Effect of Immigration on the Labor Market -- Impact of Migration on Wages -- Skilled Migration and Innovation -- Employment of Low-Skilled Migrants.

Protecting the Vulnerable.