Measuring Colour -- Contents -- About the Authors -- Series Preface -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- 1 Colour Vision -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The spectrum -- 1.3 Construction of the eye -- 1.4 The retinal receptors -- 1.5 Spectral sensitivities of the retinal receptors -- 1.6 Visual signal transmission -- 1.7 Basic perceptual attributes of colour -- 1.8 Colour constancy -- 1.9 Relative perceptual attributes of colours -- 1.10 Defective colour vision -- 1.11 Colour pseudo-stereopsis -- References -- General References -- 2 Spectral Weighting Functions -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Scotopic spectral luminous efficiency -- 2.3 Photopic spectral luminous efficiency -- 2.4 Colour-matching functions -- 2.5 Transformation from R, G, B to X, Y, Z -- 2.6 CIE colour-matching functions -- 2.7 Metamerism -- 2.8 Spectral luminous efficiency functions for photopic vision -- References -- General References -- 3 Relations between Colour Stimuli -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The Y tristimulus value -- 3.3 Chromaticity -- 3.4 Dominant wavelength and excitation purity -- 3.5 Colour mixtures on chromaticity diagrams -- 3.6 Uniform chromaticity diagrams -- 3.7 CIE 1976 hue-angle and saturation -- 3.8 CIE 1976 lightness, L. -- 3.9 Uniform colour spaces -- 3.10 CIE 1976 colour difference formulae -- 3.11 CMC, CIE94, and CIEDE2000 color difference formulae -- 3.12 An alternative form of the CIEDE2000 colour-difference equation -- 3.13 Summary of measures and their perceptual correlates -- 3.14 Allowing for chromatic adaptation -- 3.15 The evaluation of whiteness -- 3.16 Colorimetric purity -- 3.17 Identifying stimuli of equal brightness -- 3.18 CIEDE2000 worked example -- References -- General References -- 4 Light Sources -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Methods of producing light -- 4.3 Gas discharges -- 4.4 Sodium lamps -- 4.5 Mercury lamps -- 4.6 Fluorescent lamps.

4.7 Xenon lamps -- 4.8 Incandescent light sources -- 4.9 Tungsten lamps -- 4.10 Tungsten halogen lamps -- 4.11 Light emitting diodes -- 4.12 Daylight -- 4.13 Standard illuminants and sources -- 4.14 CIE standard illuminant A -- 4.15 CIE illuminants B and C -- 4.16 CIE sources -- 4.17 CIE illuminants D -- 4.18 CIE indoor daylight -- 4.19 Comparison of commonly used sources -- References -- General References -- 5 Obtaining Spectral Data and Tristimulus Values -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Radiometry and photometry -- 5.3 Spectroradiometry -- 5.4 Tele-spectroradiometry -- 5.5 Spectroradiometry of self-luminous colours -- 5.6 Spectrophotometry of non-self-luminous colours -- 5.7 Reference whites and working standards -- 5.8 Geometries of illumination and viewing -- 5.9 CIE Geometries of illumination and measurement -- 5.10 Spectroradiometers and spectrophotometers -- 5.11 Choice of illuminant -- 5.12 Calculation of tristimulus values from spectral data -- 5.13 Colorimeters using filtered photo-detectors -- References -- General References -- 6 Metamerism and Colour Constancy -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 The cause of metamerism -- 6.3 The definition of metamerism -- 6.4 Examples of metamerism in practice -- 6.5 Degree of metamerism -- 6.6 Index of metamerism for change of illuminant -- 6.7 Index of metamerism for change of observer -- 6.8 Index of metamerism for change of field size -- 6.9 Colour matches and geometry of illumination and measurement -- 6.10 Correcting for inequalities of tristimulus values -- 6.11 Terms used in connection with metamerism -- 6.12 Colour inconstancy -- 6.13 Chromatic adaptation transforms -- 6.14 The Von Kries transform -- 6.15 The CAT02 transform. -- 6.16 A colour inconstancy index -- 6.17 Worked examples -- References -- 7 Colour Rendering by Light Sources -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The meaning of colour rendering.

7.3 CIE colour rendering indices -- 7.4 Spectral band methods -- 7.5 Other methods for assessing the colour rendering of light sources -- 7.6 Comparison of commonly used sources -- References -- General References -- 8 Colour Order Systems -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Variables -- 8.3 Optimal colours -- 8.4 The Munsell System -- 8.5 The Munsell Book of Color -- 8.6 Unique hues and colour opponency -- 8.7 The Natural Colour System (NCS) -- 8.8 Natural Colour System Atlas -- 8.9 The DIN System -- 8.10 The Coloroid System -- 8.11 The Optical Society of America (OSA) System -- 8.12 The Hunter Lab System -- 8.13 The Tintometer -- 8.14 The Pantone System -- 8.15 The RAL System -- 8.16 Advantages of colour order systems -- 8.17 Disadvantages of colour order systems -- References -- General References -- 9 Precision and Accuracy in Colorimetry -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Sample preparation -- 9.3 Thermochromism -- 9.4 Geometry of illumination and measurement -- 9.5 Reference white calibration -- 9.6 Polarisation -- 9.7 Wavelength calibration -- 9.8 Stray light -- 9.9 Zero level and linearity -- 9.10 Use of secondary standards -- 9.11 Bandwidth -- 9.12 Correcting for errors in the spectral data -- 9.13 Calculations -- 9.14 Precautions to be taken in practice -- References -- 10 Fluorescent Colours -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Terminology -- 10.3 Use of double monochromators -- 10.4 Illumination with white light -- 10.5 Correcting for differences between an actual and the desired source -- 10.6 Two-monochromator method -- 10.7 Two-mode method -- 10.8 Filter-reduction method -- 10.9 Luminescence-weakening method -- 10.10 Practical considerations -- References -- 11 RGB Colorimetry -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Choice and specification of matching stimuli -- 11.3 Choice of units -- 11.4 Chromaticity diagrams using r and g.

11.5 Colour-matching functions in RGB systems -- 11.6 Derivation of XYZ from RGB tristimulus values -- 11.7 Using television and computer displays -- References -- General Reference -- 12 Colorimetry with Digital Cameras -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Camera characterisation -- 12.3 Metamerism -- 12.4 Characterisation methods -- 12.5 Practical considerations in digital camera characterisation -- 12.6 Practical example -- 12.7 Discussion -- References -- General References -- 13 Colorant Mixtures -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Non-diffusing colorants in a transmitting layer -- 13.3 Non-diffusing colorants in a layer in optical contact with a diffusing surface -- 13.4 Layers containing colorants which diffuse and absorb light -- 13.5 The use of multi-spectral analysis to reduce metamerism in art restoration -- References -- General References -- 14 Factors Affecting the Appearance of Coloured Objects -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Measuring optical properties -- 14.3 Colour -- 14.4 Gloss -- 14.5 Translucency -- 14.6 Surface texture -- 14.7 Conclusions -- References -- 15 The CIE Colour Appearance Model CIECAM02 -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Visual areas in the observing field -- 15.3 Chromatic adaptation in CIECAM02 -- 15.4 Spectral sensitivities of the cones in CIECAM02 -- 15.5 Cone dynamic response functions in CIECAM02 -- 15.6 Luminance adaptation in CIECAM02 -- 15.7 Criteria for achromacy and for constant hue in CIECAM02 -- 15.8 Effects of luminance adaptation in CIECAM02 -- 15.9 Criteria for unique hues in CIECAM02 -- 15.10 Redness-greenness, a, and yellowness-blueness, b, in CIECAM02 -- 15.11 Hue angle, h, in CIECAM02 -- 15.12 Eccentricity factor, e, in CIECAM02 -- 15.13 Hue quadrature, H, and hue composition, Hc, in CIECAM02 -- 15.14 The achromatic response, A, in CIECAM02 -- 15.15 Correlate of lightness, J, in CIECAM02.

15.16 Correlate of brightness, Q, in CIECAM02 -- 15.17 Correlate of chroma, C, in CIECAM02 -- 15.18 Correlate of colourfulness, M, in CIECAM02 -- 15.19 Correlate of saturation, s, in CIECAM02 -- 15.20 Comparison of CIECAM02 with the natural colour system -- 15.21 Testing model CIECAM02 -- 15.22 Filtration of projected slides and CIECAM02 -- 15.23 Comparison of CIECAM02 with CIECAM97s -- 15.24 Uniform colour space based on CIECAM02 -- 15.25 Some problems with CIECAM02 -- 15.26 Steps for using the CIECAM02 model -- 15.27 Steps for using the CIECAM02 model in reverse mode -- 15.28 Worked example for the model CIECAM02 -- References -- 16 Models of Colour Appearance for Stimuli of Different Sizes -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Stimuli of different sizes -- 16.3 Room colours -- 16.4 A model for predicting room colours -- 16.5 Steps in using the model for predicting room colours -- References -- 17 Model of Colour Appearance for Unrelated Colours in Photopic and Mesopic Illuminances -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 A model for predicting unrelated colours -- 17.3 Input data required for the model -- 17.4 Steps in using the model for unrelated colours -- 17.5 Worked example in the model for predicting unrelated colours -- References -- Appendices -- Appendix 1 Radiometric and Photometric Terms and Units -- A1.1 Introduction -- A1.2 Physical detectors -- A1.3 Photometric units and terms -- A1.4 Radiant and quantum units and terms -- A1.5 Radiation sources -- A1.6 Terms for measures of reflection and transmission -- A1.7 Other spectral luminous efficiency functions -- A1.8 Mesopic photometry -- Reference -- Appendix 2 Spectral Luminous Efficiency Functions -- Appendix 3 CIE Colour-Matching Functions -- Appendix 4 CIE Spectral Chromaticity Co-Ordinates -- Appendix 5 Relative Spectral Power Distributions of Illuminants -- A5.1 Introduction -- A5.2 CIE illuminants.

A5.3 Representative fluorescent lamps.