Contents -- Tables - xiv -- Figures - xviii -- Acknowledgement - xxi -- Dedication - xxiii -- Preface - xxv -- Chapter 1: Introduction - 1 -- 1.1 Research Problem - 1 -- 1.2 The Research objectives - 2 -- 1.3 Motivation of the study - 3 -- 1.4 Theoretical Assumptions and Hypotheses - 4 -- 1.5 Methodology - 6 -- 1.5.1 The Analytical Steps - 6 -- 1.5.2 Data collection and field survey challenges - 8 -- 1.5.3 Design of Sample Representative - 10 -- 1.5.3.1 The Sample Procedure - 10 -- 1.5.3.2 Selected Sample of clustered and dispersed Enterprises - 16 -- 1.5.4 Methods of Data Analyses - 16 -- 1.6 The Study Plan - 17 -- Chapter 2: The Nigeria's Economic and Social Performance - 19 -- 2.1 Introduction - 19 -- 2.2 The Geography and Nigeria's Political Economy - 19 -- 2.2.1 Geographical Facts and the People of Nigeria - 19 -- 2.2.2 Overview of Nigeria's Political Economy 1807- 1999 - 22 -- 2.3 Nigeria's Economic Performance and Problems - 26 -- 2.3.1 The Structure of Production and Economic Growth - 26 -- 2.3.2 The Structure of External Transactions - 29 -- 2.3.2.1 Exports of Oil and Non-Oil Commodities - 29 -- 2.3.2.2 Import of Oil and Non-Oil Commodities - 30 -- 2.3.2.3 Balance of Payment Current Account - 31 -- 2.3.3 The Structure of Demand and Federal Government Finance - 32 -- 2.3.3.1 The Structure of Demand - 32 -- 2.3.3.2 Federal Government Finance - 33 -- 2.3.4 Macroeconomic Performance - 34 -- 2.3.5 Nigerian International Liquidity and Aid Dependency - 37 -- 2.3.5.1 Nigeria's External Reserve and Debt Problems - 37 -- 2.3.5.2 Nigeria's External Debt - 38 -- 2.3.5.3 External Assistance and Aid Dependency - 40 -- 2.3.6 Relative Prices Changes and Interest Rate in Nigerian Economy - 42 -- 2.3.6.1 Inflation Rate in Nigeria's Economy - 42 -- 2.3.6.2 Food Price Index in Nigeria - 43 -- 2.3.6.3 Interest Rate - 43.

2.4 Labour Force and Unemployment in Nigeria - 44 -- 2.5 Structure of Nigeria's Industrial Output and Manufacturing Activities in Nigeria - 46 -- 2.6 The Poverty and Income Inequality in Nigeria - 52 -- 2.6.1 Poverty in Nigeria - 52 -- 2.6.2 Income Inequality in Nigeria - 55 -- 2.6.3 Health care and Economic Development in Nigeria - 56 -- 2.6.4 Interdependency of Education and Economic Development in Nigeria - 60 -- 2.6.4.1 Nigeria's Education Outcome - 60 -- 2.6.4.2 Primary school enrolment - 61 -- 2.6.4.3 Federal Government Commitment to Education - 63 -- 2.6.5 Environment and Economic Development in Nigeria - 64 -- 2.6.5.1 Trends and Inplications of Environmental Problems in NigerianEconomy - 64 -- 2.6.5.2 The Role of SMEs in the Environmental Management - 65 -- 2.7 Poverty Reduction Strategies in Nigeria and Industrial Development - 67 -- 2.8 Summary and Conclusion - 71 -- Chapter 3: SMEs in Economic Development and Growth Discourse - 73 -- 3.1 Introduction - 73 -- 3.2 Definitions and theoretical conceptual of small enterprises - 75 -- 3.3 Literature review on SMEs in Developing Countries - 77 -- 3.4 The political economic weaknesses in the promotion of SMEs in Africa - 82 -- 3.4.1 Market failure and small enterprises development problems - 82 -- 3.4.2 Institutional failure and small enterprises development problems in Africa - 84 -- 3.4.3 Good governance and small enterprises development - 86 -- 3.4.4 Mobilisation of domestic capital for the promotion of SMEs - 88 -- 3.5 Foreign direct investment (FDI) and Small Enterprises Development - 93 -- 3.5.1 FDI in economic development discourse - 93 -- 3.5.2 FDI and SME development - 96 -- 3.5.2.1 FDI and SME development through linkages - 96 -- 3.5.2.2 FDI and SME development through franchising and joint ventures - 100 -- 3.5.3 The determinants of FDI inflow - 101.

3.5.3.1 Economic Performance and Micro-determinants of FDI - 101 -- 3.5.3.2 Macro management as determinants of FDI - 103 -- 3.5.3.3 Human capital development as a determinant of FDI - 104 -- 3.5.3.4 FDI and SMEs in Nigeria's Economic Development - 105 -- 3.6 SMEs in Nigeria's economy - 107 -- 3.6.1 Review of some studies on Nigerian SMEs - 107 -- 3.6.2 Definition of SME in Nigeria - 111 -- 3.6.3 Structure and geographical distribution of Nigeria's industrial establishments - 112 -- 3.6.3.1 Distribution of Industries in Nigeria - 112 -- 3.6.3.2 Constraints surrounding Nigeria's small enterprises - 115 -- 3.6.3.2.1 Business Environment for SME development - 115 -- 3.6.3.2.2 Government - 116 -- 3.6.3.2.3 Access to Financial Capital and Limitations - 117 -- 3.6.3.2.4 Capacity building and the need for capacity building programme for SME development - 119 -- 3.7 Summary and Conclusion - 121 -- Chapter 4: SME Clusters in Nigeria: Performance and Constraints - 123 -- 4.1 Introduction - 123 -- 4.2 The theoretical framework on SME Clusters - 124 -- 4.2.1 Definitions - 124 -- 4.2.2 Terminologies and classification of the term enterprise clusters - 125 -- 4.2.3 Determinants of cluster growth-paths - 127 -- 4.2.3.1 Size of the market and nature of products - 127 -- 4.2.3.2 The stock of economies of scale and scope - 128 -- 4.2.3.3 The rate of upgrading - 129 -- 4.2.3.4 The nature of collective efficiency existing in the cluster - 130 -- 4.2.3.5 The nature of institutions supporting the cluster - 131 -- 4.2.3.6 The role of the state - 132 -- 4.2.4 SME Clusters and Poverty Reduction - 133 -- 4.2.5 Arguments against firm clustering - 135 -- 4.3 Literature review on SME Clusters in developed and developing countries - 135 -- 4.4 Small scale enterprise clusters performance in Nigeria - 141 -- 4.4.1 Introduction - 141.

4.4.2 Aba small scale footwear Enterprises Cluster - 142 -- 4.4.2.1 Introduction - 142 -- 4.4.2.2 Methodology - 143 -- 4.4.2.3 Informality Characteristics - 144 -- 4.4.2.4 Competitive factors - 145 -- 4.4.2.5 Firm Performances in Clustered and Dispersed Aba SmallScale Footwear Enterprises - 147 -- 4.4.2.6 Constraints faced by Aba Small Scale Footwear Enterprises Cluster - 153 -- 4.4.2.7 Remarks - 154 -- 4.4.3 Aba small and medium scale garment enterprises cluster - 155 -- 4.4.3.1 Introduction - 155 -- 4.4.3.2 Methodology - 156 -- 4.4.3.3 Informality characteristics - 156 -- 4.4.3.4 Competitive Factors in Aba small and medium scale garmententerprises cluster - 157 -- 4.4.3.5 Average monthly cash earnings in Aba small and medium scale garment enterprises cluster - 159 -- 4.4.3.6 Factors Affecting the Growth of Aba Small and Medium Scale Garment Enterprises Cluster - 160 -- 4.4.3.7 Remarks - 161 -- 4.4.4 Enugu Small Scale Wood and Furniture Enterprises Cluster - 162 -- 4.4.4.1 Introduction - 162 -- 4.4.4.2 Methodology - 162 -- 4.4.4.3 Sample structure - 162 -- 4.4.4.4 Informality Characteristics - 163 -- 4.4.4.5 Linkages in Enugu small scale wood and furniture enterprises clusters - 164 -- 4.4.4.6 Competitive factors in Enugu small scale wood construction and furniture enterprises clusters - 165 -- 4.4.4.7 Constraints in Enugu small scale wood construction and furniture enterprises Clusters - 167 -- 4.4.4.8 Remarks - 168 -- 4.4.5 Nnewi small and medium scale light engineering enterprises cluster - 169 -- 4.4.5.1 Introduction - 169 -- 4.4.5.2 Methodology - 170 -- 4.4.5.3 Informality characteristics - 170 -- 4.4.5.4 Competitive factors in Nnewi small and medium scale lightengineering cluster - 171 -- 4.4.5.5 Constraints Identified in the Cluster - 175 -- 4.4.5.6 Remarks -176 -- 4.4.6 Enugu small scale palm kernel extraction enterprises cluster - 177.

4.4.6.1 Introduction - 177 -- 4.4.6.2 Methodology - 178 -- 4.4.6.3 Informality characteristics - 180 -- 4.4.6.4 The competitive factors in Enugu small scale PKO extraction enterprises - 181 -- 4.4.6.5 Small firm performance in Enugu small scale PKO extraction industries - 182 -- 4.4.6.6 Constraints identified in PKO extraction enterprises - 185 -- 4.4.6.7 Remarks - 188 -- 4.4.7 Comparative Analysis of the clusters - 188 -- 4.4.7.1 Comparative analysis of the clusters - 188 -- 4.4.7.2 Competitiveness problems across the clusters by sector - 191 -- 4.5 Summary and Conclusion - 192 -- Chapter 5: Networks in Small and Medium Scale Enterprises in Nigeria -195 -- 5.1 Introduction - 195 -- 5.2 Theoretical Conception - 196 -- 5.2.1 Definitions - 196 -- 5.2.2 Forms of Networks - 197 -- 5.2.3 Network structures - 199 -- 5.2.4 Functions of networks - 200 -- 5.2.5 Networks and Economic Development - 203 -- 5.3 Review of literatures on SME networks in developed and developing countries - 204 -- 5.4 Networks in small and medium scale enterprises in Nigeria: Empirical Evidence - 207 -- 5.4.1 Methodology - 207 -- 5.4.2 The structure of business related associations the entrepreneursbelong - 208 -- 5.4.3 Network functions and their effect on firm performance - 219 -- 5.4.4 Comparative analysis of Networks effects - 225 -- 5.5 Summary and Conclusions - 227 -- Chapter 6: Innovation in Nigerian Small and Medium scale Enterprises - 229 -- 6.1 Introduction - 229 -- 6.2 Theoretical concepts - 230 -- 6.2.1 Definitions and theoretical explanation of innovation - 230 -- 6.2.2 Innovation in small enterprises and poverty alleviation - 232 -- 6.2.3 Factors influencing innovative milieu in Africa - 234 -- 6.3 Review of literature on innovation in SME in developing countries - 235 -- 6.4 Empirical analysis of innovative activities in small enterprises in Nigeria - 241.

6.4.1 Methodology - 241.