HANDBOOK OF POLYMER SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION, AND PROCESSING -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- CONTRIBUTORS -- PART I BASIC CONCEPTS -- 1 Introduction to Polymers and Polymer Types -- 1.1 Introduction to Polymers -- 1.2 Classification of Polymers -- 1.3 Nomenclature -- References -- 2 Polymer States and Properties -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Glass Transition Temperature (α-Relaxation) Controversy in Chitin, Chitosan, and PVA -- 2.3 Glass Transition Related to the α-Relaxation -- 2.4 Moisture Content Effects on Polymer's Molecular Relaxations -- 2.5 Dielectric Fundamentals -- 2.6 Chitin, Chitosan, and PVA Films Preparation for Dielectric Measurements -- 2.7 Dielectric Relaxations in Chitin: Evidence for a Glass Transition -- 2.8 Dielectric Relaxations in Neutralized and Nonneutralized Chitosan: The Stronger Water Content Effect on the α-Relaxation and the Glass Transition Phenomenon -- 2.9 PVA Dielectric Relaxations -- References -- PART II POLYMER SYNTHESIS AND MODIFICATION -- 3 Step-Growth Polymerization -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Polymerization Kinetics -- 3.3 Polyamides -- 3.4 Polyimides -- 3.5 Polyesters -- 3.6 Inorganic Condensation Polymers -- 3.7 Dendrimers -- 3.8 Thermoset Polycondensation Polymers -- 3.9 Controlled Molecular Weight Condensation Polymers -- References -- 4 Free Radical Polymerization -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Basic Mechanism -- 4.3 Other Free Radical Reactions -- 4.4 Kinetics and Polymerization Rate -- 4.5 Molecular Weight and Molecular Weight Distribution -- 4.6 Experimental Determination of Rate Constants -- 4.7 Thermodynamics of Polymerization -- 4.8 Controlled Radical Polymerization -- References -- 5 Coordination Polymerization -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Polymer Types -- 5.3 Catalyst Types -- 5.4 Coordination Polymerization Mechanism -- 5.5 Polymerization Kinetics and Mathematical Modeling -- References.

6 Copolymerization -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Types of Copolymers -- 6.3 Copolymer Composition and Microstructure -- 6.4 Reaction Conditions: Considerations -- References -- 7 Anionic Polymerization -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Living Anionic Polymerization -- 7.3 General Considerations -- 7.4 Kinetics and Mechanism of Polymerization -- 7.5 Stereochemistry -- 7.6 Copolymerization of Styrenes and Dienes -- 7.7 Synthetic Applications of Living Anionic Polymerization -- References -- 8 Cationic Polymerizations -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Carbocationic Polymerization -- 8.3 Cationic Ring-Opening Polymerization -- 8.4 Summary and Prospects -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 9 Crosslinking -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Background on Polymer Networks -- 9.3 Main Chemical Routes for Synthesis of Polymer Networks -- 9.4 Characterization of Polymer Networks and Gels -- 9.5 Theory and Mathematical Modeling of Crosslinking -- Appendix A Calculation of Average Chain Length -- Appendix B Calculation of Sol and Gel Fractions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 10 Polymer Modification: Functionalization and Grafting -- 10.1 General Concepts -- 10.2 Graft Copolymers -- References -- 11 Polymer Additives -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Antioxidants -- 11.3 PVC Heat Stabilizers -- 11.4 Light Stabilizers -- 11.5 Flame Retardants -- 11.6 Plasticizers -- 11.7 Scavenging Agents -- 11.8 Additives to Enhance Processing -- 11.9 Additives to Modify Plastic Surface Properties -- 11.10 Additives to Modify Polymer Chain Structures -- 11.11 Additives to Influence Morphology and Crystallinity of Polymers -- 11.12 Antimicrobials -- 11.13 Additives to Enhance Thermal Conductivity -- 11.14 Active Protection Additives (Smart Additives) -- 11.15 Odor Masking -- 11.16 Animal Repellents -- 11.17 Markers -- 11.18 Blowing Agents -- 11.19 Summary and Trends in Polymer Additives -- References.

Further Reading -- PART III POLYMERIZATION PROCESSES AND ENGINEERING -- 12 Polymer Reaction Engineering -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Mathematical Modeling of Polymerization Processes -- 12.3 Useful Tips on Polymer Reaction Engineering (PRE) and Modeling -- 12.4 Examples of Several Free Radical (Co)Polymerization Schemes and the Resulting Kinetic and Molecular Weight Development Equations -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 13 Bulk and Solution Processes -- 13.1 Definition -- 13.2 History -- 13.3 Processes for Bulk and Solution Polymerization -- 13.4 Energy Considerations -- 13.5 Mass Considerations -- References -- 14 Dispersed-Phase Polymerization Processes -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Emulsion Polymerization -- 14.3 Microemulsion Polymerization -- 14.4 Miniemulsion Polymerization -- 14.5 Applications of Polymer Latexes -- 14.6 Dispersion and Precipitation Polymerizations -- 14.7 Suspension Polymerization -- 14.8 Controlled Radical Polymerization (CRP) in Aqueous Dispersions -- References -- 15 New Polymerization Processes -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Polymerizations in Benign or Green Solvents -- 15.3 Alternative Energy Sources for Polymerization Processes -- 15.4 Polymerization in Microreactors -- Acknowledgments -- References -- PART IV POLYMER CHARACTERIZATION -- 16 Polymer Spectroscopy and Compositional Analysis -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Elemental Analysis -- 16.3 Infrared Spectroscopy -- 16.4 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of Polymers in Solution -- 16.5 Mass Spectrometry -- References -- 17 Polymer Molecular Weight Measurement -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Historical Background -- 17.3 Principles of GPC -- 17.4 Measurement of Intrinsic Viscosity -- References -- 18 Light Scattering and its Applications in Polymer Characterization -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Principles of Static and Dynamic Light Scattering.

18.3 Static Light Scattering by Dilute Polymer Solutions -- 18.4 Dynamic Light Scattering -- References -- 19 Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering of Polymer Systems -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Polymer Morphology -- 19.3 Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering -- 19.4 Analysis in Reciprocal Space -- 19.5 Analysis in Real Space -- Appendix A Procedure to Obtain Morphological Data from 1D SAXS Profiles -- References -- 20 Microscopy -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy -- 20.3 Three-Dimensional Microscopy -- References -- 21 Structure and Mechanical Properties of Polymers -- 21.1 Structure of Polymer Chains -- 21.2 Mechanical Properties of Polymers -- 21.3 Mechanical Properties of Polymer Composites -- References -- PART V POLYMER PROCESSING -- 22 Polymer Rheology -- 22.1 Introduction to Polymer Rheology Fundamentals -- 22.2 Linear Viscoelasticity -- 22.3 Viscometric Techniques for Polymer Melts -- 22.4 Overview of Constitutive Equations -- 22.5 Brief Overview on Other Relevant Polymer Rheology Aspects -- References -- 23 Principles of Polymer Processing -- 23.1 General -- 23.2 Compounding -- 23.3 Extrusion -- 23.4 Bottle Blowing -- 23.5 Injection Molding -- 23.6 Thermoforming -- References -- Further Reading -- 24 Blown Films and Ribbons Extrusion -- 24.1 Introduction -- 24.2 Extrusion Processes for Blown Films and Ribbons -- 24.3 Equations -- 24.4 Ribbon and Film Dimensions -- 24.5 Cooling Process and Stretching Force -- 24.6 Morphology and Mechanical Properties -- References -- 25 Polymer Solutions and Processing -- 25.1 Introduction -- 25.2 Polymer Solution Thermodynamics and Conformation of Polymer Chains: Basic Concepts -- 25.3 Semidilute Polymer Solutions -- 25.4 Processing of Polymer Solutions -- References -- 26 Wood and Natural Fiber-Based Composites (NFCs) -- 26.1 Introduction -- 26.2 Background -- 26.3 Raw Materials.

26.4 Manufacturing Process -- 26.5 Properties of Composite Materials -- 26.6 Durability -- 26.7 Factors that Affect Decay of Wood-Plastic Composites -- 26.8 Uses of Wood-Plastic Composites -- References -- 27 Polymer Blends -- 27.1 Introduction -- 27.2 Miscibility in Polymer Blends -- 27.3 Compatibility in Polymer Blends -- 27.4 Techniques for Studying Blend Microstructure -- 27.5 Preparation of Polymer Blends -- 27.6 Factors Influencing the Morphology of a Polymer Blend -- 27.7 Properties of Polymer Blends -- 27.8 Applications of Polymer Blends -- References -- 28 Thermosetting Polymers -- 28.1 Introduction -- 28.2 Chemistries of Network Formation -- 28.3 Structural Transformations During Network Formation -- 28.4 Processing -- 28.5 Conclusions -- References -- PART VI POLYMERS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES -- 29 Conducting Polymers -- 29.1 Introduction -- 29.2 Historical Background -- 29.3 The Structures of Conducting Polymers -- 29.4 Charge Storage -- 29.5 Doping -- 29.6 Polyanilines -- 29.7 Charge Transport -- 29.8 Syntheses -- 29.9 Conducting Polymers -- 29.10 Characterization Techniques -- 29.11 Present and Future Potential -- References -- 30 Dendritic Polymers -- 30.1 Introduction -- 30.2 Dendrimers -- 30.3 Hyperbranched Polymers -- 30.4 Dendrigraft Polymers -- 30.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 31 Polymer Nanocomposites -- 31.1 Introduction -- 31.2 Polyester/Clay Nanocomposites -- 31.3 Polyolefin/Clay Nanocomposites -- 31.4 Polystyrene/Clay Nanocomposites -- 31.5 Polymer/Carbon Black Nanocomposites -- 31.6 Nanoparticles of Barium Sulfate -- 31.7 Polymer/Graphene Nanocomposites -- 31.8 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- INDEX -- Supplemental Images.