Front Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1 Labor Market Analysis of Human Resources for Health -- The Health Labor Market Framework -- Structural Overview -- Conclusion -- References -- Part 1 Tools for Health Workforce Analysis -- Chapter 2 Needs-Based Estimates for the Health Workforce -- A Conceptual Needs-Based Approach to Estimating Health Workforce Requirements -- Applying the Needs-Based Approach -- Relationship between Health Workers and Health Measures -- Limitations of-and Potential Improvements in-Needs-Based Analyses -- Annex 2A Supplemental Information on Data, Methods, and Results -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 3 A Labor Market Approach -- Five Challenges Associated with the Health Worker Crisis in Africa -- Conclusion -- Annex 3A Key Concepts from Labor Market Economics -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 4 Productivity of Health Workers: Tanzania -- High Workloads for Tanzanian Health Workers -- Basic Concepts in Productivity Analysis -- Time and Motion Studies -- Total Factor Productivity and Unit Cost Analysis -- Data Envelopment Analysis -- Stochastic Frontier Analysis -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 5 Health Worker Performance -- Overview of Health Worker Performance -- A Framework for Health Worker Performance -- A Model of Health Worker Performance -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 6 Fiscal Issues in Scaling Up the Health Workforce -- The Links between Fiscal Policy and the Health Workforce -- Policy Experiences in Sub-Saharan Africa -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 Politics and Governance in Human Resources for Health -- Regime Characteristics -- Health Sector Governance -- Stakeholder Influence -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Part 2 Distribution of Health Workforce.

Chapter 8 How Many Health Workers? -- What Do Comparisons to International Benchmarks Tell Us? -- Human Resources for Health Dynamics That We Need to Capture Better -- Conclusion -- Annex 8A Density of Physicians, Nurses, and Midwives by Country and Ratio of Nurses and Midwives to Physicians, 2005-09 -- Note -- References -- Chapter 9 Rural-Urban Imbalance of Health Workers in Sub-Saharan Africa -- Geographic Maldistribution of Health Workers within Countries -- Wide Variation in Geographic Distribution across Countries -- Variation in Geographic Distribution across Cadres, Education, and Gender -- Labor Market Dynamics of the Rural-Urban Imbalance -- Policies Addressing Rural-Urban Imbalances in Sub-Saharan Africa -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 10 Migration and Attrition -- Health Worker Mobility -- Emigration Patterns of African Physicians -- OECD Destinations for Migrant Physicians -- Where Do the Migrant Physicians Come From? -- What Drives the Migration of Physicians? -- Why Ghanaian Doctors Emigrate -- The Exodus of African Doctors-How Bad Is It? -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 11 Public and Private Practice of Health Workers -- Health Sector Options in Sub-Saharan Africa -- Distribution of the Health Workforce across Sectors: Empirical Evidence -- Choosing between Public and Private Sector Jobs -- Moving from Public to the Private Sector Over Time -- Simultaneous Links between Sectors: Dual Practice -- Individual Characteristics and Intrinsic Motivation -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 12 The Equity Perspective -- Concepts and Definitions -- Implications -- The Economic and Geographic Dimensions of Health Equity -- Availability of Health Workers to the Poor -- Use of Health Workers by the Poor -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Part 3 Performance of the Health Workforce.

Chapter 13 Incentives for Provider Performance -- Why Pay for Performance in Sub-Saharan Africa? -- How Pay for Performance Improves Health Worker Outcomes -- Global Experience of Pay for Performance -- A Country Example: Rwanda's Performance-Based Financing -- Impact Evaluation in Rwanda -- Impact on Health Worker Funding, Numbers, and Distribution -- Impact on Performance: The Quantity and Quality Effects -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 14 Intrinsic Motivation -- Insights from Economic Theory -- Intrinsic Motivation and Health Care: A Framework for Analysis -- Empirical Evidence -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 15 Facility-Level Human Resource Management -- What Is Effective Human Resource Management? -- Improving Health Worker Performance through Human Resource Management -- Why Is Good Human Resource Management so Rare in Africa? -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Part 4 Education and Training of Health Workers -- Chapter 16 Health Worker Education and Training -- How Preservice Education Leads to the Low Stock -- How Preservice Education Does Not Lead to Good Performance -- How Preservice Education Leads to Distributional Imbalances -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 17 Becoming a Health Worker Student -- Health Science Education in Context -- Enrollment Patterns in Health Science -- Constraints on the Supply of Health Worker Students -- Capacity and Financial Constraints on Enrollment -- Promising Government and Institutional Interventions -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 18 Paying for Higher Education Reform in Health -- The Cost of Training Health Workers -- Primary Financing Sources for Health Worker Education -- Getting Better Value for Money -- Scenarios for Financing Health Worker Education -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Notes -- References -- Boxes -- Figures -- Tables.

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