OIL PALM: CULTIVATION, PRODUCTION AND DIETARY COMPONENTS -- OIL PALM: CULTIVATION, PRODUCTION AND DIETARY COMPONENTS -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- PALM OIL AUTHENTICATION: CLASSICAL METHODOLOGY AND STATE-OF THE-ART TECHNIQUES -- 1. ABSTRACT -- 2. INTRODUCTION -- 3. COMPOSITION OF PALM OIL, PALM KERNEL OIL AND THEIR DERIVED PRODUCTS -- 3.1. Physical Characteristics of Palm Oil -- 3.2. Major Components -- 3.3. Minor Constituents of Palm Oil -- 3.3.1. Carotenes -- 3.3.2. Tocols -- 3.3.3. Polar lipids -- 3.3.4. Steroidal alcohols and other minor compounds -- 3.3.5. Impurities -- 3.4. Palm Kernel Oil -- 3.5. Fractions of Palm Oil and Palm Kernel Oil -- 4. AUTHENTICATION OF PALM OIL -- 4.1. Physical Characteristics -- 4.2. Major Compounds -- 4.2.1. Fatty acid composition -- 4.2.1.1. Chromatographic techniques -- 4.2.1.2. Spectroscopic techniques -- 4.2.1.2.1. Infrared spectroscopy (IR) -- 4.2.1.2.2. Raman spectroscopy -- 4.2.1.2.3. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) -- 4.2.2. Triglyceride profile -- 4.2.2.1. HPLC -- 4.2.2.2. Gas chromatography -- 4.3. Unsaponifiable Fraction -- 4.3.1. Carotenes -- 4.3.2. Tocopherols and tocotrienols -- 4.3.3. Sterolic alcohols -- 4.4. Volatiles -- 4.5. Trace Elements -- 4.6. Stable Isotopes -- 4.7. DNA Technology -- 4.8. New Approach to Palm Oil Authentication: Application of Multivariate Statistics -- 4.8.1. Multivariate statistics: An overview -- 4.8.2. Examples of the application of multivariate statistics to palm oil authentication -- 5. CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- PALM OIL AND PALM VITAMIN E AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- FREE RADICALS AND THEIR ROLE IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE -- The Association between Serum Lipid and Atherosclerosis -- Palm Oil -- Fatty Acid -- The Antioxidant Content of Palm Oil -- Carotenoid -- The Effect of Heated Cooking Oil.

The Effects of Dietary Oils on Serum Lipid -- The Effect of Palm Oil on Serum Lipid -- The Effect of Fresh and Repeatedly Heated Palm Oil and Red Palm Oil on Serum Lipid Parameters -- The Effect of Fresh and Repeatedly Heated Palm Oil and Red Palm Oil on Serum Cholesterol (TC) -- The Effect of Fresh and Repeatedly Heated Palm Oil and Red Palm Oil on LDL Cholesterol -- The Effect of Fresh and Repeatedly Heated Palm Oil and Red Palm Oil on HDL Cholesterol -- The Effect of Fresh and Repeatedly Heated Palm Oil and Red Palm Oil on Triglyceride (TG) -- The Effect of Heated Palm Oil on Serum Malondialehyde (MDA) -- The Relationship between Oil Consumption and Blood Pressure -- The Effect of Palm Oil and Heated Palm Oil on Blood Pressure -- The Mechanistic Basis of Blood Pressure Increase due to Repeatedly Heated Palm and Soy Oil Consumption -- The Effect of Repeatedly Heated Palm and Soy Oil on Blood Pressure -- The Effect of Repeatedly Heated Palm and Soy Oil on Plasma Levels of Nitric Oxide Metabolites -- The Effect of Heated Palm and Soy Oil on Vasorelaxation due to Acetylcholine (ACh) and Sodium Nitroprusside (SNP) Treatments -- The Effect of Repeatedly Heated Palm Oil on Vascular Structures in Subjects Deficient in Estrogen Given High Cholesterol Diet -- Light and Electron Microscopical Studies of the Blood Vessel of Rats Treated with Fresh and Repeatedly Heated Palm Oil -- The Effect of Consumption of Heated Oil on Vitamin E Level -- Palm Vitamin E and Its Association with Atherosclerosis -- The Effect of Palm Vitamin E on Lipid Profile and Atherosclerosis -- The Effect of Palm Vitamin E on Plasma Total Cholesterol Levels -- The Effect of Palm Vitamin E on Plasma Triglyceride -- The Effect of Palm Vitamin E on Plasma HDL Cholesterol Level -- The Effect of Palm Vitamin E on Total Cholesterol/HDL Ratio -- The Effect of Palm Vitamin E on Plasma MDA.

The Effect of Palm Vitamin E on Blood Pressure -- The Effect of Palm Vitamin E on Aortic Cholesterol and MDA Levels -- The Effect of Palm Vitamin E on Atherosclerotic Lesion and Tunica Intima/Media Ratio -- DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSION -- THE SCOPE FOR FUTURE STUDIES -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- INTEGRAL USE OF PALM OIL: PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL AND ADDED VALUE COMPOUNDS FROM GLYCERIN -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. BIODIESEL: DEFINITION, IMPORTANCE AND RELATION WITH DIESEL FUEL -- 2.1. Biodiesel Blending -- 2.2. Biodiesel from Palm Oil -- 2.3. Biodiesel Production -- 2.3.1. Pretreatment stage -- 2.3.2. Reaction -- 2.3.3. Separation -- 2.3.4. Biodiesel and glycerin refining -- 2.4. Commercial Technologies for Biodiesel Production -- 3. GLYCEROL AS BY-PRODUCT: PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES, QUALITY, AND COMMERCIAL STATUS -- 3.1. Transformation Possibilities of Glycerol to Added Value Products -- 3.1.1. Chemical transformations -- 3.1.1.1. Oxidation -- 3.1.1.2. Reduction -- 3.1.1.3. Etherification -- 3.1.1.4. Pyrolysis and gasification -- 3.1.1.5. Biochemical transformation -- 4. PROCESS DEVELOPMENT FOR PALM OIL TRANSFORMATION -- 4.1. Simulation of Biodiesel Production from Palm Oil -- 4.2. Production of Added Value Products from Glycerol -- 4.2.1. Production of 1,3-Propanediol -- 4.2.2. Production of ethanol -- 4.2.3. Production of Poly HydroxyButirate (PHB ) -- 4.3. Biodiesel Production from Palm Oil: Crude Glycerol and Biomass Conversion to Raw-Bioethanol -- 4.3.1. Oil extraction from oil palm fresh fruit bunches -- 4.3.2. Bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass -- 4.3.3. Bioethanol production from glycerol -- 4.3.4. Biodiesel production from palm oil -- 5. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- OIL PALM BIOMASS: FIBRE CULTIVATION, PRODUCTION AND ITS VARIED APPLICATIONS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1. Origin of the Oil Palm.

1.1.1. Physical evidence -- 1.2. Oil Palm Biomass -- 1.2.1. Availability and Cultivation -- 1.2.2. Sustainability of oil palm biomass -- 1.2.2.1. Malaysia -- 1.2.2.2. Indonesia -- 1.2.2.3. African continent -- 1.2.1.4. Climate requirements -- 1.2.1.5. Soil type requirements -- 1.2.2. Chemical composition -- 1.2.3. Morphology and cell wall structure -- 1.2.3.1. Morphology -- 1.2.3.2. Lignin distributions -- 1.2.3.3. Cell wall structures -- 1.2.4. Physical and mechanical properties -- 1.2.5. Thermal analysis and crystalline structure -- 1.2.5.1. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) -- 1.2.5.2. Crystalline studies by X-ray diffraction -- 1.3. Research, Development and Commercialization of Oil Palm Fibre based Products -- 1.3.1. Biocomposite development -- 1.3.1.1. Medium density fiber board -- 1.3.1.2. Hybrid biocomposites -- 1.3.2. Solid lumber application -- 1.3.3. Oil palm biomass for electricity generation -- 1.3.4. Mulching -- 1.3.4.1. Components and benefits of EFB Utilization -- 1.3.5. Current status of the oil palm industry in terms of varied applications -- 1.3.6. Nanocellulose production -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- IMPROVING GOVERNANCE ARRANGEMENTS FOR LANDOWNERS IN THE OIL PALM DISTRICTS OF INDONESIA -- INTRODUCTION -- GOVERNANCE: PROCEDURAL AND DISTRIBUTIONAL ISSUES -- Policy Context -- Kemitraan in Sanggau -- Kemitraan in Siak -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- OIL PALM: ECOPHYSIOLOGY OF GROWTH AND PRODUCTION -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- Production and Extent of Cultivation -- Morphology, Breeding System and Yield Advancement -- Versatility -- PHYSIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF PRODUCTIVITY -- Overview -- The Overflow Hypothesis -- Stand Structure and Canopy Characteristics -- Carbon Assimilation -- Respiration -- Net Dry Matter Production and Turnover -- Summary of Carbon Economy -- Partitioning of Biomass.

Carbon Cycling in the Plantation -- Carbon Fixation in Soil Organic Matter -- Role of Inputs in Plantation C Balance -- NUTRIENT BALANCE -- Nutrient Stocks -- Annual Nutrient Requirement -- Recycling of Nutrients -- Nutrient Losses -- Nutrient Budgets -- WATER BALANCE -- Evapotranspiration and Water Uptake -- Rainfall Interception -- Trunk-Flow -- Soil Erosion -- OIL PALM AND ENVIRONMENT -- Environmental Effects of Oil Palm Expansion -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- SUPPLY-SIDE POLICIES TO CONSERVE BIODIVERSITY AND SAVE THE ORANGUTAN FROM OIL PALM EXPANSION: AN ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. PROJECTED EXPANSION OF THE AREA PLANTED TO OIL PALM IN INDONESIA AND MALAYSIA AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR THE CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY AND PARTICULARLY THE ORANGUTAN -- 3. THE PROPOSAL TO USE GRASSLAND RATHER THAN FORESTED LAND FOR OIL PALM EXPANSION -- 4. THE VIEW THAT BY INCREASING PALM OIL YIELDS THAT THIS WILL REDUCE ECONOMIC PRESSURE TO CLEAR FORESTS IN ORDER TO GROW OIL PALMS -- 5. CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- INDEX.