Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1 Propellant Injection Systems and Processes -- Introduction -- Rocket Application Design Requirements -- Thrust Level and Operating Pressure -- Propellant Type -- Engine Cycle or Feed System -- Common Combustion Device Development Risks -- Combustion Instability -- Combustion Chamber Overheating and Burnout -- Injector Face Erosion -- Low Thrust Chamber Assembly Performance -- Unsafe Transients -- Injection System Design Considerations -- Engine Pressure Schedule -- Nozzle Expansion Ratio -- Contraction Ratio -- Chamber Length -- Injection Element and Pattern -- Critical Combustion Processes -- Injector Manifold Distribution -- Injector Spray Atomization -- Propellant Droplet Vaporization -- Bipropellant Mixing -- Candidate Injectors for Liquid Rocket Applications -- Coaxial Jet Injectors -- Impinging Jet Injectors -- Parallel Jet (Showerhead) Injectors -- Injector Design Synthesis -- Conclusions and R e commendations -- References -- Chapter 2 Design and Dynamics of Jet and Swirl Injectors -- Nomenclature -- Introduction -- Classification of Injectors and Methods of Mixture Formation -- Liquid Injectors -- Gas-Liquid Injectors -- Intensification of Propellant Atomization and Mixing in Liquid Injectors -- Intensification of Propellant Atomization and Mixing in Gas-Liquid Injectors -- Theory and Design of Liquid Monopropellant Jet Injectors -- Flow Characteristics -- Effect of Injector Configuration -- Flow Coefficient -- Design Procedure -- Theory and Design of Gaseous Monopropellant Jet Injectors -- Flow Characteristics -- Design Procedure -- Theory and Design of Gas-Liquid Jet Injectors -- Theory and Design of Liquid Monopropellant Swirl Injectors -- Flow Characteristics of Ideal Swirl Injector -- Flow Characteristics of Real Swirl Injectors.

Effect of Viscosity on Injector Operation -- Design Procedure -- Theory and Design of Liquid Bipropellant Swirl Injectors -- Injectors with External Mixing -- Injectors with Internal Mixing -- Modulation of Liquid Spray Characteristics of Swirl Injectors -- Design of Gas Swirl Injectors -- Design Procedure -- Selection of Geometric Dimensions and Flow Parameters -- Dynamics of Liquid Rocket Injectors -- Linear Dynamics of Jet Injectors -- Linear Dynamics of Swirl Injectors -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3 Atomization in Coaxial-Jet Injectors -- Nomenclature -- Introduction -- Phenomenological Description and Literature Review -- General Scheme of Jet Disintegration and Drop Formation -- Studies of Elementary Processes -- Numerical Simulations of the Atomization Process -- Derivation of Droplet Size Distribution Functions -- Investigations of Atomization in Shear Coaxial Injectors -- Experimental and Theoretical Investigation at Atmospheric Pressure with Simulants -- Photographic Studies Using Cryogenic Fluids (Liquid/Gaseous Nitrogen) -- LOX Spray Combustion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 4 Liquid Bipropellant Injectors -- Nomenclature -- Introduction -- Impinging Jet Injector -- General Description -- Applications and Design Guidelines -- Mechanistic Study -- Modeling Approaches -- Bicentrifugal Swirl Injector -- General Description -- Applications and Design Guidelines -- Modeling Approaches -- Pintle Injector -- General Description -- Applications and Design Guidelines -- Mechanistic Study -- Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5 Distortion and Disintegration of Liquid Streams -- Nomenclature -- Introduction -- Formulation of Governing Equations -- Round Jet Analyses -- Temporal Stability Analysis -- Surface Energy -- Spatial Stability Analysis -- Nonlinear Effects -- Viscous Effects.

Spray Control via Electric Fields -- Coaxial Jets -- Planar Sheet Analyses -- Linear Theory -- Fan Sheets -- Simplified Breakup Theories -- Nonlinear Theory -- Annular Free Films -- Linear Theory -- Nonlinear Theory -- Effect of Swirl -- Conical Free Films -- Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 6 Modeling Liquid-Propellant Spray Combustion Processes -- Introduction -- Fundamental Formulation for Two-Phase Flow -- Local Instantaneous Equations -- Averaged Equations -- Decomposition of Variables and Averaging Procedures -- Basic Modeling Approaches -- Eulerian-Lagrangian Formulation -- Dynamic Transport and Heat Transfer Equations of a Drop -- Non-Dilute Spray Models -- Morphological and Kinetic Models -- Turbulence Generation and Modulation -- Drop-Turbulence Interactions -- Drop Dispersion Models -- Drop Gasification and Wake-Induced Turbulence Modulation -- Two-Way Coupling Model for Interphase Exchange of K(sub[sp]) and E(sub[sp]) -- Modulation of the Turbulent Energy Spectrum -- Collective Phenomena in Combusting Sprays -- Drop-Based Spray Model -- Configuration and Structure of Group Combustion -- Multiphase Combustion at Supercritical Conditions -- General Scaling Law for Flame Radius -- Scaling Law for the Initial Flame Expansion -- Scaling Law for the Maximum Flame Radius -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 7 Liquid-Propellant Droplet Vaporization and Combustion -- Introduction -- Thermodynamic and Transport Properties -- Extended Corresponding-State Principle -- Equation of State -- Thermodynamic Properties -- Transport Properties -- Vapor-Liquid Phase Equilibrium -- Droplet Vaporization in Quiescent Environments -- Cryogenic Propellants -- Hydrocarbon Propellants -- Hypergolic Propellants -- Droplet Vaporization in Convective Environments -- Droplet Combustion.

Droplet Response to Ambient Flow Oscillation -- Hydrocarbon/Air System -- Oxygen/Hydrogen System -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 8 Subcritical/Supercritical Droplet Cluster Behavior in Dense and Dilute Regions of Sprays -- Introduction -- Clusters of Binary-Species Drops in Air (Subcritical) -- Clusters of Fluid O(sub[2]) Drops in H(sub[2]) (Supercritical) -- Summary and Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 9 Fundamentals of Supercritical Mixing and Combustion of Cryogenic Propellants -- Nomenclature -- Introduction -- Cold-Flow Research -- Single-Component Systems -- Cold-Flow Investigation Experimental Setup -- Single-Component Behavior -- Binary-Component Systems -- Combusting Flow Research -- Experimental Procedure -- Subcritical Combustion -- Supercritical Combustion -- Principal Flow Characteristics -- Oxygen Jet Breakup -- Flame Structure and Radiation -- Flame-Holding Mechanisms -- Propellant Interface Phenomena -- Effects of Injector Design on Flowfield -- Ignition Transients -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10 CARS Measurements at High Pressure in Cryogenic LOX/GH2 Jet Flames -- Nomenclature -- Introduction -- Experimental Facilities -- Mascotte Facility -- P8 Facility -- CARS Overview -- Probe Species in LOX/GH(sub[2]) Combustion -- Hydrogen -- Water Vapor -- Experimental Setup -- Results -- H(sub[2]) Data Reduction -- H(sub[2])O Data Reduction -- Flame Measurements -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 11 Propellant Ignition and Flame Propagation -- Nomenclature -- Introduction -- General Background and Fundamental Considerations -- Autoignition of Homogeneous Volume of Reactants -- Minimum Ignition Energy -- Effects of Turbulence and Droplet Evaporation -- Propagation from a Flame Kernel -- Compressibility Effects -- Numerical Modeling of Ignition Processes.

Ignition of Nonhypergolic Propellants -- Thermal Ignition Devices -- Resonant Ignition Devices -- Catalytic Ignition Devices -- Third-Chemical or Hypergolic Ignition Devices -- Photochemical Laser Ignition -- Spark Ignition Devices -- Hypergolic Propellant Ignition -- Design Considerations for Hypergolic Engine Ignition -- Physical Processes Occurring During Ignition Transients -- Modeling of Hypergolic Ignition Transients -- Discussion and Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 12 Rocket Engine Nozzle concepts -- Nomenclature -- Introduction -- Conventional Nozzles -- Flow Separation and Sideloads -- Potential Performance Improvements -- Altitude Adaptive Nozzles -- Nozzles with Devices for Controlled Flow Separation -- Plug Nozzles -- Expansion-Deflection Nozzles -- Nozzles with Throat Area Varied by a Mechanical Pintle -- Dual-Mode Nozzles -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 13 Nozzle Design and Optimization -- Introduction -- Nozzle Contour Optimization -- Numerical Methods -- Application to Vulcain 2 Design -- Summary -- Nozzle Film Cooling -- Experimental Study -- Computational Approach -- Summary -- Vulcain 2 Demonstration Program -- Design of Demonstrator -- Test Results -- Test Analysis -- Summary -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 14 Simulation and Analysis of Thrust Chamber Flowfields: Storable Propellant Rockets -- Introduction -- General Aspects of Modeling Storable Propellant Combustion -- Propellant Properties and Chemistry -- Injection and Atomization -- Cooling Principles -- Liquid Bipropellant Spray Combustion Modeling -- Gas-Phase Flow Modeling -- Dispersed Phase Modeling -- Liquid Film Modeling -- Computational Efficiency and Flow Convergence Monitoring -- Applied Simulations on Liquid Bipropellant Rocket Combustion -- Hydrazine/NTO Small Rocket Combustor Simulations.

MMH/NTO Aestus Engine Simulations with Regenerative Cooling.