Contents -- Preface -- Abbreviations -- I. Introduction -- 1. Historical Outline -- 2. Sound -- (a) Fanqiè [omitted] -- (b) Tones -- 3. Symbol -- 4. Syllable and Word -- 5. Morphology -- II. Some Basic Principles of Classical Chinese Syntax -- 1. Word Classes -- 2. Subject and Predicate -- 3. Word Order -- III. Noun Predication -- 1. Verbless Noun Predication -- (a) Questions -- (b) Pronouns and Particles with Verbless Noun Predicates -- (c) Verbless Comparisons with Yóu [omitted] -- (d) Omission of Ye [omitted] -- (e) The Aspect Particle Yi [omitted] after Verbless Noun Predicates -- (f) Other Meanings of Ye [omitted] -- 2. The Copula Verb Wéi [omitted] -- 3. The Copula Yue [omitted] -- 4. The Preclassical Copula Wéi [omitted] -- IV. Verbal Predicates -- 1. Classes of Verbs -- 2. Adjectives -- 3. Nouns Used as Verbs -- 4. Intransitive Verbs -- 5. Transitive Verbs - Active and Passive -- 6. Verbs of Motion and Location - Intransitive and Transitive -- 7. The Verbs You [omitted] 'have -- there is/are' and Wú [omitted] 'not have -- there is/are not' -- 8. Transitive Verbs with Two Objects -- 9. Passive Constructions -- V. Compound Verbal Predicates -- 1. Coordination -- 2. Clause Objects - Verb Phrases as Objects of Transitive Verbs -- 3. Pivot Constructions - The Causative -- 4. Verb Phrases as Complements to Adjectives -- (a) Adjectives That Make a Following Verb Passive -- (b) Other Adjectives That Take Verb Phrases as Complements -- 5. Verbs in Series -- (a) The Construction in General - The Particle Ér [omitted] -- (b) Dé (ér) [omitted], Shuài (ér), [omitted], etc. -- 6. Coverbs -- (a) Transitive Verbs Corresponding to Prepositions -- (b) Coverbs of Place -- (c) Descriptive Complements with Rú [omitted] and Yóu [omitted] -- (d) Coverbs as Subordinating Conjunctions -- VI. Numerical Expressions -- 1. As Predicates -- 2. As Complements.

3. As Modifiers of Nouns -- 4. Yòu [omitted] 'and' -- VII. Noun Phrases and Nominalization -- 1. Coordination and Subordination of Nouns -- (a) Coordination -- (b) Subordination -- 2. Nominalization -- (a) Unmarked Nominalization -- (b) Marked Nominalization by Inserting Zhi [omitted] -- (c) Zhe [omitted] -- (d) Suo [omitted] -- VIII. Topicalization and Exposure -- 1. Exposure of an Element That is Not the Subject -- 2. Exposure of the Subject -- 3. Zé [omitted] Marking Exposure -- 4. X zhi yú [omitted] Y -- 5. Other Particles Marking Topicalization or Contrastive Exposure -- (a) Ye [omitted] -- (b) Wéi [omitted] -- (c) Zhe [omitted] -- (d) Fú [omitted] -- (e) Ruò fú [omitted] -- IX. Pronouns and Related Words -- 1. Personal Pronouns -- (a) First Person -- (b) Second Person -- (c) Third Person -- (d) Reflexive Personal Pronoun -- (e) Personal Pronouns with Negative Particles -- 2. Demonstratives -- (a) Shì [omitted] -- (b) Ci [omitted] -- (c) Bi [omitted] -- (d) Si [omitted] -- (e) Zi [omitted] -- (f) Shí [omitted], Shí [omitted] -- (g) Shí [omitted] -- (h) Fú [omitted] -- (i) Er [omitted] -- (j) Ruò [omitted] -- 3. Interrogatives -- (a) (i) Shuí [omitted] -- (ii) Shú [omitted] -- (iii) Chóu [omitted] -- (b) (i) Hé [omitted] -- (ii) Xi [omitted] -- (iii) Hú [omitted] -- (iv) Hé [omitted] -- (v) Hé [omitted] -- (c) (i) Yan ,[omitted] , an [omitted] -- (ii) Wu hú [omitted] , wu [omitted] wu [omitted] -- 4. Indefinite Pronouns -- (a) Tuo [omitted] -- (b) Mou [omitted] -- (c) Rén [omitted] -- X. Adverbs -- 1. Adverbial Use of Nouns -- 2. Adjectives as Adverbs -- 3. Verbs as Adverbs -- 4. Numerical Expressions as Adverbs -- 5. Expressive Adverbs in Rán [omitted], Rú [omitted] etc. -- XI. Negation -- 1. P/f Negatives -- (a) Bú [omitted] -- (b) fou [omitted] -- (c) Fú [omitted] -- (d) Fei [omitted] -- (e) Po [omitted] -- (f) Hé [omitted] -- 2. M/w Negatives.

(a) Wú [omitted] , Wú [omitted] and Wú [omitted] -- (b) Wù [omitted] 'do not' -- (c) Wáng [omitted] -- (d) Wang [omitted] -- (e) Mò [omitted] -- (f) Wèi [omitted] -- (g) Wéi [omitted] -- (h) Mi [omitted] -- (i) Miè [omitted] -- (j) Mò [omitted] -- XII. Aspect, Time, and Mood -- 1. Verbal Aspect - Preverbal Particles -- (a) Jì [omitted] -- (b) Wèi [omitted] -- c) Preverbal Yi [omitted] -- 2. Sentential Aspect - Sentence Final Particles -- (a) Yi [omitted] -- (b) Ye [omitted] -- (c) Yi [omitted] -- 3. Time Words -- (a) Time Expressions in Topic Position -- (b) Cháng [omitted] -- (c) Céng [omitted] -- (d) jiang [omitted] -- (e) Qie [omitted] -- (f) fang [omitted] -- (g) Shi [omitted] -- (h) Chu [omitted] -- 4. Modality -- (a)Qí [omitted] -- (b) Dài [omitted] Shu ji [omitted] -- (c) Gài [omitted] -- (d) Wú [omitted] , Wú [omitted] , and Wù [omitted] -- (e) Níng [omitted] -- XIII. Adnominal and Adverbial Words of Inclusion and Restriction -- 1. Words of Inclusion -- (a) Zhu [omitted] 'all -- members of the class of -- (b) Fán [omitted] 'all' -- (c) Jie [omitted] ,Ju 'all' -- (d) Ju [omitted] 'both, together' -- (e) Gè [omitted] 'each' -- (f) Mei [omitted] every (time), always: whenever' -- (g) Words of Verbal Origin -- 2. Restriction -- (a) Wéi [omitted] 'only' -- (b) Dú [omitted] 'only' -- (c) Other Similar Words -- (d) Restriction by Final Particles -- 3. Some, None -- (a) Huò [omitted] 'some one -- some' -- (b) Mò [omitted] 'no one -- none' -- 4. Reflexive and Reciprocal Pronominal Adverbs -- (a) Zì [omitted] 'oneself -- (b) Xiang [omitted] 'each other, mutually' -- (c) Shen [omitted] 'body, person, self -- (d) Jiao [omitted] 'in exchange, mutually' -- Hù [omitted] 'mutually' -- XIV. Imperative, Interrogative and Exclamatory Sentences -- 1. Imperative Sentences -- (a) Unmarked -- (b) Qing [omitted] 'I beg of you -- please' -- (c) Prohibition. See XI.2.

(d) Modal Qí [omitted] in Imperative Sentences. See XII.4a -- 2. Interrogative Sentences -- (a) Simple Questions -- (b) Rhetorical Questions -- 3. Exclamatory Sentences -- (a) Zai [omitted] -- (b) Inversion of Subject and Predicate -- XV. Complex Sentences -- 1. Parataxis and Hypotaxis -- 2. Conditional Clauses -- (a) Parataxis -- (b) Subordination by a Particle in the If-Clause -- c) Subordination bv a Particle in the Main Clause -- 3. Concessive Clauses -- a) Sui [omitted] 'although, even if' -- (b)Sui ... ér ...[omitted] -- (c)Fei ... ér ...[omitted] -- (d) Zòng [omitted] -- 4. Temporal Clauses -- (a) Verbs in Series -- (b) Aspect Particles in the First Clause -- (c)Jí [omitted] 'when' -- (d) Simultaneity - Dang [omitted], Fang [omitted], ... shí [omitted] -- (e) Topic Phrases -- (f) Ér hòu [omitted], Rán hòu [omitted] -- 5. Cause, Reason -- (a) The Coverb Yi [omitted] -- (b) Gù [omitted] 'reason' -- (c) Explanatory Noun Predicate after Main Clause.(See VII.2a.ii and XII.3c) -- Notes -- Sources of Examples -- Bibliography -- Index of Chinese Vocabulary Items -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- W -- X -- Y -- Z -- General Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- X -- Y -- Z.