Cover -- Acknowledgement -- Table of Contents -- List of Abbreviations -- 1 Introduction -- A. Aim of this Thesis -- B. Area of Examination -- I. Subject of Examination -- II. Examination Criteria -- 1. Coherence within the Treaty -- 2. Compatibility with other Relevant Sources of Law -- 3. Acceptability in Light of the Principles of International Environmental Law -- III. Resulting Structure of the Thesis -- C. Chapter Breakdown and Outline of the Main Arguments -- 2 Science and Economic Aspects of CCS Projects -- A. Capture of CO2 -- I. Capture Mechanisms -- 1. Post- combustion -- 2. Pre- combustion -- 3. Oxyfuel Combustion -- II. Environmental Impacts caused by the Capture Process -- III. Costs of Carbon Dioxide Capture -- IV. Conclusion -- B. Transport -- C. Sub- Seabed Geological Storage -- I. Storage Site Selection Criteria -- II. Potential Leakage Pathways -- III. Monitoring Plans -- IV. Remediation Plans -- V. Impacts on the Marine Environment -- 1. Global Environmental Impacts -- 2. Local Environmental Impacts -- a) Groundwater Contamination -- b) Induced Seismicity -- c) Effects of the Chemical Change of Seawater on Different Organisms -- 3. Evaluations Resulting from the Request for the Introduction of Maximum Leakage Rates -- VI. Costs of Offshore Storage of CO2 -- D. Economic Feasibility of CCS Projects -- E. Conclusion -- 3 Offshore Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage Projects under Marine Environmental Protection Law -- A. Different Procedures of Offshore CCS Projects -- B. Historical Development -- C. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.

I. Rights and Obligations of States in Different Jurisdictional Zones with regard to Offshore CCS Projects -- 1. Territorial Sea -- 2. Exclusive Economic Zone ( EEZ) -- 3. Continental Shelf Regime -- a) Sovereign Rights over the Storage of Carbon Dioxide pursuant to Article 77 UNCLOS -- b) Exclusive Rights with regard to CCS Projects in Sub- seabed Geological Formations -- c) Entitlement to Lay Pipelines -- d) Conclusion -- 4. The Regime of the High Seas -- 5. The Regime of the Area in Part XI of the UNCLOS -- 6. Conclusion -- II. Competences for CCS Projects Classified as Marine Scientific Research -- III. Obligation of the State to Preserve and Protect the Marine Environment in the UNCLOS -- 1. Pollution of the Marine Environment -- a) Article 1 para. 4 UNCLOS in Light of the Precautionary Principle -- b) Concluding Remarks -- 2. Does Part XII UNCLOS Constitute a General Obligation to Restrain from any Pollution? -- 3. Provisions in the UNCLOS regarding the Introduction of Substances into the Marine Environment -- a) Article 207 UNCLOS -- b) Article 208 UNCLOS -- c) Concluding Remarks -- 4. Article 195 UNCLOS: Duty not to Transfer Damage or Hazards from one Area to Another or to Transform one Type of Pollution into Another -- 5. Monitoring and Environmental Assessment, Articles 204 and 206 UNCLOS -- 6. Interrelation of Part XII UNCLOS with other Provisions concerned with Maritime Protection -- IV. Conclusion -- D. The London Convention and its Protocol -- I. Storage of CO2 in Sub- seabed Geological Formations under the London Convention and its Protocol before its 2006 Amendment.

1. Geographical Coverage and Application to the Seabed -- 2. Substances Covered by the London Convention and the London Protocol -- 3. Actions Covered by the London Convention and the London Protocol -- a) Positive Definition of Dumping -- b) Negative Definition of Dumping -- c) Exception from the Definition of Dumping -- 4. Conclusion regarding the Scope of Application of the London Convention and its Protocol -- II. Storage of CO2 in Sub- seabed Geological Formation under the London Protocol after the 2006 Amendment -- 1. Basic Rules and Conditions for Dumping of Exceptional Substances -- 2. Rules and Conditions under the London Protocol for Offshore CCS Projects -- a) No. 4 Annex 1 London Protocol -- b) Permit Procedures and Conditions under Annex 2 London Protocol and its Guidelines -- aa) Introductory Remarks -- bb) Waste Prevention Audit -- cc) Consideration of Waste Management Options -- dd) Chemical and Physical Properties -- ee) Action List -- ff) Site Selection and Characterisation -- gg) Assessment of Potential Effects -- hh) Monitoring and Risk Management -- ii) Permit and Permit Conditions -- c) Concluding Remarks -- 3. Coherence with other Provisions, the Objective and General Obligations of the London Protocol -- a) Article 6 London Protocol -- b) Objective and General Obligations of the London Protocol -- 4. Permissibility of Offshore CCS Projects under the Amended London Protocol -- 5. Compatibility with other Relevant International Environmental Protection Agreements -- a) United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity -- b) Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context -- III. Conclusion.

E. International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto -- F. Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of t he North- east Atlantic -- I. Objectives and General Obligations -- II. Applicability of the OSPAR Convention to Sub- seabed Geological Formations -- III. Legality of the Storage of Carbon Dioxide Streams in Sub- seabed Geological Formations under the OSPAR Convention -- 1. Pollution from Land- based Sources -- a) Application of Article 3 OSPAR Convention and its Annex I - Definition of Land- based Sources of Pollution .. -- b) Permissibility of CCS Projects Classified as Land- Based Sources of Pollution -- c) Concluding Remarks -- 2. Pollution by Dumping or Incineration -- a) Application of Article 4 OSPAR Convention and its Annex II - Definition of Dumping -- b) Exceptions from the Dumping- Prohibition after the Amendment 2007 -- c) Authorisation or Regulation for Permissible CCS Projects -- 3. Pollution from Offshore Sources -- a) Dumping from an Offshore Installation -- b) Exceptions to the Dumping- Prohibition after the Amendment 2007 -- c) Authorisation or Regulation for Permissible CCS Projects -- 4. Conclusion -- IV. Conditions for the Storage of Carbon Dioxide Streams in Sub- seabed Geological Formations under the new OSPAR Regime -- 1. OSPAR Decisions 2007/ 1 and 2007/ 2 -- 2. OSPAR Guidelines for Risk Assessment and Management of Storage of CO2 Streams in Geological Formations -- 3. Comparison to the Specific Guidelines to the London Protocol ..

V. Coherence between the Amendment and the General Obligations under Article 2 OSPAR Convention -- VI. Compatibility of the Amended OSPAR Convention with the Global Regime -- 1. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea -- 2. London Convention and its Protocol -- 3. United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity -- 4. Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context -- VII. Conclusion -- G. Convention of the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area -- I. Pollution from Land- based Sources -- II. Pollution by Dumping -- III. Pollution from Offshore Activities -- IV. Evaluation -- H. Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment and the Coastal Region of the Mediterranean -- I. Pollution from Land- based Sources -- II. Pollution by Dumping -- III. Pollution from Exploration and Exploitation of the Continental Shelf and the Seabed and its Subsoil -- IV. Conclusion -- I. Conclusion -- 4 The Integration of Carbon Capture and Storage into the Climate Protection Regime -- A. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol -- I. Historic Development and Basis of Negotiation -- II. Obligations under the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol -- 1. Obligations under Article 4 UNFCCC -- a) General Commitments applicable to all Parties -- b) Specific Commitments of Annex I States -- 2. CCS as Policy or Measure in Terms of Article 2 Kyoto Protocol? -- 3. CCS Projects as a Contribution to Compliance with the Commitments under Article 3 Kyoto Protocol -- a) Obligations under Article 3 Kyoto Protocol and their Concretisation by Means of the ' Marrakesh Accords'.

b) CCS Projects as a Climate Change Mitigation Measure under the Kyoto Protocol? A Source or a Sink?.