Sustainable Plastics -- Contents -- Preface -- Dedication -- Glossary -- CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Sustainability -- 1.1 SUSTAINABILITY DEFINITION -- 1.1.1 Societal Impacts of Sustainability -- 1.1.2 Economic Impacts of Sustainability -- 1.1.3 Environmental Impacts of Sustainability -- 1.2 GREEN CHEMISTRY DEFINITIONS -- 1.3 GREEN ENGINEERING DEFINITIONS -- 1.4 SUSTAINABILITY DEFINITIONS FOR MANUFACTURING -- 1.5 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT -- 1.6 LEAN AND GREEN MANUFACTURING -- 1.7 SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- REVIEW QUESTIONS -- REVIEW PROBLEMS -- REVIEW EXERCISES -- CHAPTER 2 Environmental Issues -- 2.1 THE PLANET IS WARMING -- 2.2 MELTING OF GLACIERS -- 2.3 RISING SEAS -- 2.4 CAUSES OF GLOBAL WARMING -- 2.4.1 Increased Greenhouse Gases -- 2.4.2 Sources of CO2eq Emissions -- 2.4.3 Anti-warming Theory -- 2.5 OCEAN POLLUTION AND MARINE DEBRIS -- 2.5.1 Plastic Marine Debris -- 2.5.2 Worldwide Coastal Cleanup -- 2.5.3 USA Coastal Cleanup -- 2.6 CHEMICAL POLLUTION FROM PLASTICS -- 2.7 LANDFILL TRASH -- 2.8 SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- REVIEW QUESTIONS -- REVIEW PROBLEMS -- REVIEW EXERCISES -- CHAPTER 3 Life Cycle Information -- 3.1 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS -- 3.2 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT DEFINITIONS -- 3.2.1 LCA Step 1: Goal and Scope Development -- 3.2.2 LCA Step 2: LCI Development -- 3.2.3 LCA Step 3: LCA Development -- 3.2.4 LCA Step 4: Interpretation of Results -- 3.3 ISO 14040/14044 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT STANDARDS -- 3.4 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS -- 3.5 MINIMAL ACCEPTABLE FRAMEWORK FOR LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENTS -- 3.6 LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY FOR PETROLEUM-BASED PLASTICS -- 3.6.1 LCI for PET Pellets -- 3.6.2 LCA Sensitivity Analysis -- 3.6.3 LCA for PET, GPPS, HDPE, and PP Pellets -- 3.7 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT FOR BIOBASED POLY LACTIC ACID -- 3.7.1 LCA Sensitivity Analysis -- 3.8 SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- REVIEW QUESTIONS -- REVIEW PROBLEMS.

REVIEW EXERCISES -- CHAPTER 4 Biobased and Biodegradable Polymers -- 4.1 BIOBASED AND BIODEGRADABLE DEFINITIONS -- 4.2 BIOBASED POLYMERS -- 4.2.1 Bagasse-Based Polymers -- 4.2.2 PHA-Based Polymers -- 4.2.3 PLA-Based Polymers -- 4.2.4 Thermoplastic Starch Polymers -- 4.3 PETROLEUM-BASED COMPOSTABLE POLYMERS -- 4.3.1 Ecoflex® -- 4.3.2 Polycaprolactone -- 4.3.3 Poly(Butylene Succinate) -- 4.4 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF COMPOSTABLE AND BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS -- 4.5 SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- REVIEW QUESTIONS -- REVIEW PROBLEMS -- REVIEW EXERCISES -- CHAPTER 5 Biobased and Recycled Petroleum-Based Plastics -- 5.1 BIOBASED CONVENTIONAL PLASTICS -- 5.1.1 Biobased Polyethylene -- 5.1.2 Biobased Polypropylene -- 5.1.3 Biobased Polyethylene Terephthalate -- 5.2 RECYCLED PETROLEUM-BASED PLASTICS -- 5.2.1 Mechanical Recycling -- 5.2.2 California Plastics Recycling -- 5.2.3 Society of Plastics Industry Recycling Codes -- 5.2.4 LCAs of Recycled Plastics -- 5.3 OXODEGRADABLE ADDITIVES FOR PLASTICS -- 5.4 SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- REVIEW QUESTIONS -- REVIEW PROBLEMS -- REVIEW EXERCISES -- CHAPTER 6 End-of-Life Options for Plastics -- 6.1 US EPA WARM PROGRAM -- 6.2 MECHANICAL RECYCLING OF PLASTICS -- 6.2.1 US Plastics Recycling -- 6.2.2 Plastics Recycling Process -- 6.3 CHEMICAL RECYCLING -- 6.4 COMPOSTING -- 6.4.1 LCA of Composting Process -- 6.5 WASTE TO ENERGY -- 6.5.1 Municipal Solid Waste Combustion -- 6.5.2 Blast Furnace -- 6.5.3 Cement Kiln -- 6.5.4 Pollution Issues with Waste-to-Energy Process of Plastics -- 6.6 LANDFILL OPERATIONS -- 6.7 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF END-OF-LIFE OPTIONS -- 6.8 SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- REVIEW QUESTIONS -- REVIEW PROBLEMS -- REVIEW EXERCISES -- CHAPTER 7 Sustainable Plastic Products -- 7.1 INTRODUCTION -- 7.2 SUSTAINABLE PLASTIC PACKAGING -- 7.2.1 LCAs of Sustainable Plastic Packaging.

7.2.2 Literature Review of LCAs for Plastic Packaging -- 7.2.3 LCA of Sustainable Plastic Containers Made from Biobased and Petroleum-Based Plastics -- 7.2.4 Greene Sustainability Index (GSI) of Sustainable Plastic Containers -- 7.3 SUSTAINABLE PLASTIC GROCERY BAGS -- 7.3.1 Literature Review of LCA of Plastic Bags -- 7.3.2 LCA of Plastic Bags from the Paper Industry in Hong Kong -- 7.3.3 Reusable Plastic Bags -- 7.4 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF SUSTAINABLE PLASTIC BOTTLES -- 7.4.1 LCAs Literature Review of Plastic Bottles -- 7.4.2 Greene Sustainability Index of Sustainable Plastic Bottles -- 7.4.3 Sensitivity Analysis -- 7.5 SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- REVIEW QUESTIONS -- REVIEW PROBLEMS -- REVIEW EXERCISES -- CHAPTER 8 Biobased and Biodegradation Standards for Polymeric Materials -- 8.1 INTRODUCTION -- 8.1.1 Biodegradation Standards -- 8.1.2 Worldwide Biodegradation Standards Agencies -- 8.1.3 Certification -- 8.2 BIOBASED STANDARD TEST METHOD -- 8.2.1 US Biobased Standard -- 8.2.2 International Biobased Standards -- 8.3 INDUSTRIAL COMPOST ENVIRONMENT -- 8.3.1 US Biodegradation Standards for Industrial Compost Environment -- 8.3.2 International Biodegradation Standards for Industrial Compost Environment -- 8.4 MARINE ENVIRONMENT -- 8.4.1 US Biodegradation Standards for Marine Environment -- 8.4.2 International Aqueous Biodegradation Standards -- 8.5 ANAEROBIC DIGESTION -- 8.5.1 US Biodegradation Standards for Anaerobic Digestion -- 8.5.2 International Biodegradation Standards for Anaerobic Digestion -- 8.6 ACTIVE LANDFILL -- 8.6.1 US Biodegradation Standards for Active Landfill -- 8.6.2 International Biodegradation Standards for Active Landfill -- 8.7 HOME COMPOST -- 8.7.1 European Home Compost Certification -- 8.7.2 US Home Composting Standards -- 8.8 SOIL BIODEGRADATION -- 8.8.1 European Soil Biodegradation Certification.

8.8.2 US Soil Biodegradation Standards -- 8.9 SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- REVIEW QUESTIONS -- REVIEW PROBLEMS -- REVIEW EXERCISES -- CHAPTER 9 Sustainable Strategies for Plastics Companies -- 9.1 SUSTAINABLE PLASTICS MANUFACTURING AND BEST PRACTICES -- 9.2 MANUAL CREATION OF LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT CALCULATIONS -- 9.2.1 LCA Example CO2 Emission Calculation -- 9.3 CARBON CREDITS AND CARBON TAXES -- 9.4 SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- REVIEW QUESTIONS -- REVIEW PROBLEMS -- REVIEW EXERCISES -- CHAPTER 10 Future of Sustainable Plastics -- 10.1 SUSTAINABLE BIOBASED PLASTICS MADE FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES -- 10.2 SUSTAINABLE TRADITIONAL PLASTICS MADE FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES -- 10.3 GROWTH IN BIOBASED PLASTICS WITH DEVELOPMENT OF DURABLE GOODS -- 10.4 GROWTH IN BIOBASED PLASTICS FOR PHARMACEUTICALS AND MEDICAL DEVICES -- 10.5 SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- REVIEW QUESTIONS -- REVIEW PROBLEMS -- REVIEW EXERCISES -- APPENDIX A Injection Molding -- A.1 INTRODUCTION -- A.2 PROCESS CONTROL DURING INJECTION MOLDING -- A.2.1 Temperature Control -- A.2.2 Pressure Control -- A.2.3 Time Control -- A.2.4 Distance Control -- A.3 MOLDS FOR INJECTION MOLDING -- A.3.1 Runners and Gates -- A.4 MOLDING DEFECTS -- REFERENCES -- APPENDIX B Extrusion -- B.1 INTRODUCTION -- B.2 EXTRUSION PROCESSING -- B.2.1 Twin-Screw Extrusion -- B.2.2 Blown Film Extrusion -- B.2.3 Profile Extrusion -- B.3 EXTRUSION PROCESS CONTROL -- B.4 EXTRUSION DEFECTS -- REFERENCES -- APPENDIX C Blow Molding -- C.1 EXTRUSION BLOW MOLDING -- C.2 INJECTION STRETCH BLOW MOLDING -- REFERENCES -- APPENDIX D Industrial Compost Biodegradation Testing -- D.1 METHODOLOGY -- D.2 MATERIALS -- D.3 CARBON CONTENT TESTING RESULTS -- D.4 BIODEGRADATION RESULTS -- D.5 PHYTOTOXICITY TESTING -- D.6 REGULATED HEAVY METAL TESTING -- D.6.1 Regulated Heavy Metal Testing Results -- REFERENCES -- APPENDIX E Marine Biodegradation Testing.

E.1 METHODOLOGY -- E.2 MATERIALS -- E.3 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP -- E.4 MARINE BIODEGRADATION RESULTS -- APPENDIX F Answers to Selected Questions at the End of Each Chapter -- Index -- EULA.