Building the Great Pyramid in One Year : An Engineer's Report.
Başlık:
Building the Great Pyramid in One Year : An Engineer's Report.
Yazar:
Fonte, Gerard C. A.
ISBN:
9780875865232
Yazar Ek Girişi:
Fiziksel Tanımlama:
1 online resource (146 pages)
İçerik:
Introduction 1 -- Other Books 2 -- The Great Pyramid 4 -- Evolution of the Pyramid 10 -- Pyramid Construction 12 -- The Pyramid at Maidum 12 -- Great Pyramid Construction Clues 14 -- General Pyramid Geometry 15 -- Conclusion 17 -- Introduction 19 -- Slaves 19 -- Pyramid Blocks 20 -- Passageways and Chambers 21 -- Secret Passages 24 -- Still Secret Passages 26 -- The Great Pyramid and Pi 27 -- Numerology 30 -- The Nose of the Sphinx 31 -- Conclusion 32 -- Introduction 33 -- Order of Magnitude 33 -- Size versus Strength 35 -- Forces 37 -- Energy Management 39 -- Energy Management Cost 40 -- Scale Factors and the Pyramids 41 -- Energy Management and the Pyramids 42 -- Conclusion 43 -- Introduction 45 -- Sledges 45 -- Wheels 46 -- Why Things Roll 48 -- Quarter Circles 50 -- Quarter Circle Track 52 -- Block Size 55 -- Quarter Circle Shape 59 -- Egyptian Quarter Circles versus Catenaries 60 -- Time Estimate 62 -- Conclusion 63 -- Introduction 65 -- Manually Moving Heavy Objects 65 -- Creating the Curve 67 -- Preliminary Quarter-Circle Evaluation 68 -- Fabricating a Block 69 -- Block Specifications 69 -- Building the Quarter Circles 70 -- First Tests 72 -- Modifications 72 -- Second Tests 73 -- Public Demonstration 75 -- Block Moving Scenario 80 -- Gross Movements 80 -- Fine Movement 82 -- Conclusion 85 -- Introduction 87 -- Ramp Principles 87 -- A Practical Ramp 89 -- Simple Lifting Machines 93 -- Designing a Practical Raised Fulcrum Lifting Machine 93 -- Lever Details 96 -- Supporting Evidence 102 -- Forensic Analysis of the Mystery Tool 102 -- Miscellaneous Points 104 -- Time Estimate 105 -- Conclusion 106 -- Introduction 107 -- Limestone 107 -- Practical Limestone Information 108 -- Available Tools 110 -- Quarrying Blocks Using the Standard Methods 111 -- Alternative Quarrying Methods 114 -- Spear-Chisel Performance 115 -- Removing the Block 118.
Miscellaneous Notes 120 -- First-Order Time Estimate to Build the Great Pyramid 122 -- Discussion 122 -- Conclusion 123 -- Introduction 125 -- The Great Pyramid’s Internal Design 126 -- Finishing the Casing Stones 126 -- Machining the Blocks 127 -- Squaring the Sides 130 -- Positioning the Top-Most Blocks 132 -- Order of Assembly 133 -- Wooden Tool Quantity 134 -- Available Wood 136 -- Additional Time Required for Minor Tasks 137 -- Second-Order Time Estimate to Build the Great Pyramid 138 -- Realistic Schedule 138 -- Conclusion 139 -- Introduction 141 -- Egyptian Psychology 141 -- Available Population Problem 142 -- Volunteer Workers 144 -- The Big Picture 146 -- A Question of Timing 149 -- Conclusion 150 -- Introduction 153 -- Cast In Place Concrete 154 -- Davidovits versus the Evidence 158 -- Kites 159 -- The Standard Theories: Lehner 162 -- The Standard Theories: Smith 164 -- Discussion 170 -- Conclusion 171 -- The Approach 173 -- The Archaeological Evidence 174 -- Circumstantial Evidence 176 -- Other Ideas 177 -- Goals and Objectives 178 -- Numbers and Engineering 179 -- Conclusion 179 -- Introduction 193 -- 3-Person, 2-Stroke Lever Analysis 194 -- 2-Person Considerations 197 -- Conclusion 197 -- Chapter 1. The Egyptian Pyramids -- Introduction -- Other Books -- The Great Pyramid -- Evolution of the Pyramid -- Pyramid Construction -- The Pyramid at Maidum -- Great Pyramid Construction Clues -- General Pyramid Geometry -- Conclusion -- Chapter 2. Pyramid Fallacies -- Introduction -- Slaves -- Pyramid Blocks -- Passageways and Chambers -- Secret Passages -- Still Secret Passages -- The Great Pyramid and Pi -- Numerology -- The Nose of the Sphinx -- Conclusion -- Chapter 3. Scale Factors in Construction and Engineering -- Introduction -- Order of Magnitude -- Size versus Strength -- Forces -- Energy Management -- Energy Management Cost.
Scale Factors and the Pyramids -- Energy Management and the Pyramids -- Conclusion -- Chapter 4. Moving Blocks -- Introduction -- Sledges -- Wheels -- Why Things Roll -- Quarter Circles -- Quarter Circle Track -- Block Size -- Quarter Circle Shape -- Egyptian Quarter Circles versus Catenaries -- Time Estimate -- Conclusion -- Chapter 5. Rolling Block Experiment -- Introduction -- Manually Moving Heavy Objects -- Creating the Curve -- Preliminary Quarter-Circle Evaluation -- Fabricating a Block -- Block Specifications -- Building the Quarter Circles -- First Tests -- Modifications -- Second Tests -- Public Demonstration -- Block Moving Scenario -- Gross Movements -- Fine Movement -- Conclusion -- Chapter 6. Lifting Blocks -- Introduction -- Ramp Principles -- A Practical Ramp -- Simple Lifting Machines -- Designing a Practical Raised Fulcrum Lifting Machine -- Lever Details -- Supporting Evidence -- Forensic Analysis of the Mystery Tool -- Miscellaneous Points -- Time Estimate -- Conclusion -- Chapter 7. Quarrying Blocks -- Introduction -- Limestone -- Practical Limestone Information -- Available Tools -- Quarrying Blocks Using the Standard Methods -- Alternative Quarrying Methods -- Spear-Chisel Performance -- Removing the Block -- Miscellaneous Notes -- First-Order Time Estimate to Build the Great Pyramid -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- Chapter 8. Additional Construction Details -- Introduction -- The Great Pyramid's Internal Design -- Finishing the Casing Stones -- Machining the Blocks -- Squaring the Sides -- Positioning the Top-Most Blocks -- Order of Assembly -- Wooden Tool Quantity -- Available Wood -- Additional Time Required for Minor Tasks -- Second-Order Time Estimate to Build the Great Pyramid -- Realistic Schedule -- Conclusion -- Chapter 9. Social Considerations -- Introduction -- Egyptian Psychology -- Available Population Problem.
Volunteer Workers -- The Big Picture -- A Question of Timing -- Conclusion -- Chapter 10. Other Approaches -- Introduction -- Cast In Place Concrete -- Davidovits versus the Evidence -- Kites -- The Standard Theories: Lehner -- The Standard Theories: Smith -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- Chapter 11. Conclusion -- The Approach -- The Archaeological Evidence -- Circumstantial Evidence -- Other Ideas -- Goals and Objectives -- Numbers and Engineering -- Conclusion -- Appendix 1. Table of 100 Egyptian Pyramids -- Appendix 2. Course by Course Layout of an Ideal Great Pyramid Built with Identical Blocks -- Appendix 3: Time/Motion Analysis for Lifting a Block -- Introduction -- 3-Person, 2-Stroke Lever Analysis -- 2-Person Considerations (refer to Chapter 6 for ergonomic discussion) -- Conclusion -- References -- Index.
Özet:
Work smarter, not harder? Most archaeologists feel that 25,000 workers spent 20 years building the Great Pyramid in Egypt over 4000 years ago. However, by closely examining the clues and artifacts left behind, and by assuming that the Egyptians were clever and intelligent, it is found that 10,000 workers could have built the Great Pyramid in about 385 days. This book, for high school readers and up, shows how, even at a more realistic, relaxed building schedule, the project could have been completed easily within four to six years by just 4000 workers. Gerard Fonte presents the construction of the Great Pyramid as a wonder indeed, while challenging our cherished notions of the arduous labor and extreme human costs required for the project. Starting with his knowledge of project management, the properties of basic materials, and common sense, and giving the Egyptians credit as a sophisticated and well-run society, he shows step by step how they may have built great edifices and enhanced social cohesion at the same time. He posits that some of the implements found at archeological sites were clever labor-saving devices, and using experiments, models and tests he illustrates some ingenious techniques that were well within the scope of Egyptians' technical knowledge. Photographs and diagrams support his theory. This research covers all major aspects of pyramid building: quarrying, moving, placing, lifting, fitting the blocks, finishing the outer casing blocks, placing the top-most blocks, tool specifications, wood requirements and machine design. It examines Egyptian pyramids in general, general pyramid geometry, common pyramid fallacies, available worker population, social effects of large works and scale factors in engineering. It is important to emphasize that everything is based on archaeological remains, forensic evidence, engineering
principles, common sense and creativity. Additionally, it presumes that the Egyptian builders were intelligent and innovative and would use the best available techniques. In particular, two mysterious tools that have been found at the pyramid site are examined and found to instrumental for moving and lifting the blocks. The first is the wooden quarter circle or rocker which is made from imported cedar. The author built replicas of these tools and was able to move a 4200 pound concrete pyramid block 15 feet in less than 10 seconds by himself and from a stationary starting position. (The author was 52 years old and weighed 135 pounds at the time.) A forensic examination of the second tool, a proto-pulley , reveals that the Egyptians used a particular type of lever to lift the blocks. A time-motion examination showed that three men could lift a block a full course in just three minutes with this lever. The conventional approaches of using ramps to lift blocks and sledges to move blocks are examined are shown to be flawed. The consequences of employing these methods lead to untenable situations, like a quarry that must supply twice as much rock than it can possibly hold.
Notlar:
Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2017. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.
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