BOOK COVER -- HALF-TITLE -- TITLE -- COPYRIGHT -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS -- 1. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY -- WHAT IS TOXICITY? -- EXPOSURE -- EFFECTS -- DOSE-RESPONSE -- TIME-RESPONSES -- TOXICOKINETIC TIME SCALE -- TOXICODYNAMIC TIME SCALE -- THREE-DIMENSIONAL DOSE-TIME-RESPONSE -- FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY -- 1. Species-to-Species Extrapolation -- 2. High-to-Low Dose Extrapolation -- 3. Mixtures -- CONCLUSIONS -- References -- 2. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION, NEUROTOXICITY, AND CRIMINAL VIOLENCE -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. NEUROTOXICITY, BRAIN BIOCHEMISTRY, AND BEHAVIOR -- III. NEUROTOXICITY AND VIOLENCE AT THE INDIVIDUAL LEVEL -- IV. NEUROTOXICITY, LOSS OF IMPULSE CONTROL AND VIOLENCE -- V. ENVIRONMENTAL PATHWAYS OF TOXIC ELEMENTS -- VI. THE ECOLOGY OF VIOLENCE: ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND RATES OF VIOLENT CRIME -- VII. CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS -- APPENDIX ON METHODOLOGY -- References -- 3. CARCINOGENS AND MUTAGENS -- INTRODUCTION -- CARCINOGENS -- 1. Tobacco -- 2. Alcoholic Beverages -- 3. Food and Diet -- 4. Occupational Carcinogens -- MUTAGENS -- 1. Hierarchy of Assays in Genetic Toxicology -- 2. Genetic Toxicology in Carcinogen Identification -- 3. Genetic Events as Biomarkers -- CARCINOGENS AND MUTAGENS: CONCLUSIONS -- References -- 4. GEOCHEMISTRY, METAL TOXINS AND DEVELOPMENT PLANNING -- INTRODUCTION -- 1. Chemical Elements and Health in Humans -- SOME CHEMICAL ELEMENT PATHWAYS AND MEDIATED DISEASES IN HUMANS -- RELATIONSHIP TO HEALTH OF OTHER LIFE FORMS -- INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES AS A SOURCE OF METAL TOXINS -- CHEMISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT PLANNING] -- NATURAL CONCENTRATIONS OF METAL TOXINS IN EARTH MATERIALS -- 1. Earth Materials -- 2. General Concentration Data on PTMs in Ecosystem Matter -- NATURAL BASELINE METAL CONCENTRATIONS IN EARTH MATERIALS.

1. Establishing the Natural Geochemical Baselines for PTMs -- 2. Geochemical Atlases -- ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE ON ELEMENT CONCENTRATION AND DISTRIBUTION -- 1. Important Influences -- REMEDIATION OR MANAGEMENT OF METAL-CONTAMINATED ENVIRONMENTS -- OPTIMAL DEVELOPMENT WITH SUSTAINABLE USE AND YIELD OF ECOSYSTEMS -- References -- 5. THE ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY OF VOLCANIC GASES IN THE EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENT -- INTRODUCTION -- THE TOXICOLOGY OF VOLCANIC GASES -- 1. Non-Eruptive Emissions and Plant Tolerance -- VOLCANIC GASES AND THE LAKI FISSURE ERUPTION -- 1. Eruption Dynamics -- 2. Volatile Dispersal and Concentration -- 3. Eruptive Emissions: Proximal Damage -- 4. Eruptive Emissions: Distal Damage -- TOXIC COMPONENTS OF THE 1783 DRY FOG -- DISCUSSION -- References -- 6. ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS -- INTRODUCTION -- PESTICIDES AND PUBLIC HEALTH -- DOMESTIC ANIMAL POISONINGS AND CONTAMINATED ANIMAL PRODUCTS -- BENEFICIAL NATURAL PREDATORS AND PARASITES -- PESTICIDE RESISTANCE IN PESTS -- BEE POISONINGS AND REDUCED POLLINATION -- CROP AND CROP PRODUCT LOSSES -- GROUND AND SURFACE WATER CONTAMINATION -- FISHERY LOSSES -- WILD BIRDS AND MAMMALS -- MICROORGANISMS AND INVERTEBRATES -- GOVERNMENT FUNDS FOR PESTICIDE POLLUTION REGULATION -- CONCLUSION -- References -- 7. SECONDARY EFFECTS OF PESTICIDE EXPOSURES -- INTRODUCTION -- CURRENT PRACTICE -- SOURCES OF EXPOSURE -- A SYNTHETIC VIEW -- IMMUNOLOGICAL EFFECTS -- HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES -- CHRONIC AND DELAYED NEUROTOXICITY -- REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY -- DISCUSSION -- References -- 8. ON CHLORINATED FATTY ACIDS AS ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS -- INTRODUCTION -- DISTRIBUTION IN THE ENVIRONMENT -- ORIGIN -- 1. Anthropogenic Sources -- 2. Natural Sources -- UPTAKE AND BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- TOXICITY AND PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS -- CONCLUSIONS -- References.

9. MOLECULAR AND GENETIC TOXICOLOGY OF ARSENIC -- EXPOSURE OF HUMANS TO ARSENIC COMPOUNDS -- ARSENIC TOXICOLOGY -- Metabolism of Arsenic Compounds -- The Carcinogenicity and Genetic Toxicology of Arsenic Compounds -- Effects on Gene Expression -- INDUCIBLE TOLERANCE TO ARSENITE -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 10. URBAN AIR POLLUTION AND HEALTH -- INTRODUCTION -- POLLUTANTS AND HEALTH EFFECTS -- A. Episodic Pollution -- B. Long-term Pollution -- DESCRIPTION OF SOME OF THE MAIN POLLUTANTS -- 1. Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) -- 2. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) -- 3. Ozone (O3) -- 4. Hydrocarbons -- 5. Metals -- 6. Particulate Matter (PM) -- EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES -- ACUTE EFFECT STUDIES -- STUDIES RELATED TO LONG-TERM EXPOSURES -- SYNERGISTIC EFFECT OF A 'COCKTAIL' OF AIR POLLUTANTS -- MISCLASSIFICATION BIAS THROUGH INADEQUATE EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT -- ENHANCED EXPOSURE OF ROAD USERS -- GEOGRAPHICAL ASPECTS OF AIR POLLUTION EPIDEMIOLOGY -- CURRENT RESEARCH THEMES -- 1. A Time Series and Cohort Study to Investigate the Relationship between Urban Pollution and Cardiorespiratory Ill-Health -- 2. Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease: An Investigation of the Relationship Between Particulate Air Pollution and… -- 3. Assessing Health Implications of Urban Air Pollution Using Validated Traffic Simulation and Pollutant Dispersion Models -- CONCLUSIONS -- References -- 11. THE EFFECT OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF DISEASES IN AQUATIC ORGANISMS -- INTRODUCTION -- AQUATIC POLLUTION -- THE PRESENCE OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN AQUATIC ORGANISMS -- 1. Heavy Metals -- 2. Pesticides -- 3. Hydrocarbons -- EFFECT OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES ON AQUATIC ORGANISMS -- DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS -- THE ROLE OF TOXIC OCCURRENCES IN DISEASE OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS -- 1. Contaminated Diet -- 2. Heavy Metals -- 3. Pesticides -- 4. Nitrites -- 5. Hydrocarbons -- 6. Stress -- 7. Sewage.

8. Contaminated Diets -- 9. Evidence from Histology -- 10. Parasites -- CONCLUSIONS -- References -- 12. TOXICOLOGY IN THE WORKING ENVIRONMENT -- INTRODUCTION -- DEFINITIONS -- TOXICS USE AND EXPOSURE -- DATA ON OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES IN THE UK -- HOW TOXIC SUBSTANCES AFFECT WORKING -- THE PROBLEMS WITH OCCUPATIONAL TOXICOLOGY -- OTHER SIGNIFICANT INFLUENCES ON OCCUPATIONAL TOXICOLOGY -- THE LIMITS OF TOXICOLOGY AND THE ROLE OF HEALTH-BASED EXPOSURE LIMITS -- OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PRACTICE LINKED TO TOXICOLOGICAL RESEARCH -- TOXICS REDUCTION -- CARCINOGENS -- LIVER TOXICITY -- KIDNEY TOXICITY -- REPRODUCTIVE HAZARDS INCLUDING TERATOGENS -- NEUROTOXICITY -- IMMUNOTOXICITY -- RESPIRATORY SENSITISERS, ALLERGENS AND CARCINOGENS -- OCCUPATIONAL TOXICITY TO THE SKIN -- CARDIOVASCULAR TOXIC AGENTS -- TOXICITY TO THE BLOOD -- CONCLUSIONS -- FURTHER READING -- References -- 13. FUNGAL TOXINS AS DISEASE ELICITORS -- INTRODUCTION -- HOST-SPECIFIC PHYTOTOXINS -- 1 Cochliobolus HSTs -- 2 Alternaria HSTs -- 3 Pyrenophora tritici-repentis HST -- 4 Other HSTs -- NON-SELECTIVE TOXINS -- MYCOTOXINS -- 1. Toxigenic fungi -- 2. Natural Occurrence of Mycotoxins -- 3 Factors Affecting Mycotoxin Production -- 4 Toxicity and Metabolism -- 5. Monitoring and Risk Assessment -- 6. Mycotoxins and Environmental Health -- 7. Regulatory and Advisory Directives -- 8 Preventive and Remedial Measures -- CONCLUSIONS -- References -- 14. NATURAL PLANT TOXINS-BENEFITS AND RISKS -- INTRODUCTION -- BIOSYNTHESIS -- 3-NITROPROPANOIC ACID -- GLUCOSINOLATES -- ALKALOIDS -- FUTURE STUDIES -- ANALYSIS -- 1. Glucosinolates -- 2. Phytoestrogens -- BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS -- 1. Overview -- 2. Nutritional Effects -- 3. Endocrine Disrupters -- 4. Neurotoxins -- 5. Mutagens and Carcinogens -- CONCLUSION -- 1. Biological Effects -- 2. Analytical Approaches -- 3. Manipulation of Plant Toxins -- References.

15. PLANT-ASSOCIATED TOXINS IN THE HUMAN FOOD SUPPLY -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II HUMAN EXPOSURE TO NATURAL TOXICANTS -- III TOXINS INTRINSIC TO THE FOODS WE EAT -- IV CONTAMINATION OF THE FOODS WE EAT BY EXTRINSIC PLANT-ASSOCIATED TOXINS -- IV.1 Contamination of Grain -- IV.2 Contamination of Meat Products -- IV. 3 Contamination of Milk, Milk Products and Eggs -- VI.4 Contamination of Honey -- V RISK ASSESSMENT, REGULATORY CONCERNS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- VI CONCLUSIONS -- References -- 16. TOXIC CYANOBACTERIAL BLOOMS -- INTRODUCTION -- EXAMPLES -- MANAGEMENT -- THE ROLE OF MODELLING -- CONCLUSIONS -- References -- 17. USE OF STABLE ISOTOPE RATIOS IN FRESHWATER AND MARINE BIOMAGNIFICATION STUDIES -- INTRODUCTION -- STABLE ISOTOPE RATIOS IN FOOD WEB STUDIES -- STABLE NITROGEN ISOTOPE RATIOS IN BIOMAGNIFICATION STUDIES -- STABLE CARBON ISOTOPE RATIOS IN BIOMAGNIFICATION STUDIES -- POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF STABLE ISOTOPES TO BIOMAGNIFICATION STUDIES -- References -- 18. ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT FOR THE INTERACTION BETWEEN AGRICULTURAL LAND AND SURFACE WATERS -- INTRODUCTION -- DEFINITIONS -- TIERING -- MODELS -- 1 Evaluation of Models -- 2 Obtaining Reliable Parameter Values -- 3 The Implications of Parameter Variability -- PROBABILITY -- ASSESSING THE PROBABILITY OF POLLUTANT LOSSES FROM LAND TO WATER -- ASSESSING THE RISKS TO ORGANISMS POSED BY POLLUTANT CONCENTRATIONS -- POLLUTANT LOSSES FROM AGRICULTURAL LAND TO WATER: TACKLING THE RISK ASSESSMENT PROBLEM -- 1. Reasons for the Problem -- 2 Towards a Risk Assessment System -- CONCLUSIONS -- Acknowledgements -- References -- INDEX.