Green Chemistry for Environmental Remediation -- Contents -- Foreword -- PART 1 Green Chemistry and Societal Sustainability -- 1. Environment and the Role of Green Chemistry -- 1.1 The Environmental Concern -- 1.2 The Role of Chemistry -- 1.3 Sustainable Development -- 1.4 Era of Green Chemistry -- 1.4.1 Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry [1] -- 1.4.2 Objectives of Green Chemistry -- 1.4.3 Views of Green Chemistry Experts -- 1.4.4 Concepts Related to Green Chemistry: Cause of Confusion -- 1.4.5 International Initiatives for Green Chemistry Awareness -- 1.5 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Suggested Reading: Some Books on Green Chemistry -- Useful Resources for Green Chemistry and their Links -- 2. The Greening of the Chemical Industry: Past, Present and Challenges Ahead -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 From Greening Technologies to Greening the Economy -- 2.3 A Brief Note on Business Strategy and Corporate Greening -- 2.4 The Past: An Account of the Historical Relationship Between the Chemical Industry and the Environment -- 2.5 The Present: From Pollution Control to Corporate Environmental Sustainability -- 2.6 The Future: Environmentally Sustainable Manufacturing and Eco-innovation -- 2.7 Conclusion: Greening or Sustainability in Chemical Manufacturing? -- References -- 3. Designing Sustainable Chemical Synthesis: The Influence of Chemistry on Process Design -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Green Chemistry -- 3.3 Green Engineering -- 3.4 Sustainability Metrics -- 3.5 Designing a Sustainable Process -- 3.6 Merck Case Study -- 3.7 Conclusion -- References -- 4. Green Chemical Processing in the Teaching Laboratory: Microwave Extraction of Natural Products -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Microwave versus Conventional Heating -- 4.3 Experimental -- 4.3.1 Hydrodistillation (HD) Procedure -- 4.3.2 Microwave Hydrodiffusion and Gravity Procedure.

4.3.3 Analysis of Essential Oil -- 4.4 Advantages -- 4.4.1 Green Production Rapidity -- 4.4.2 Green Production Efficiency -- 4.4.3 Green Production Courses -- 4.4.4 Green Production Messages -- 4.4.5 Safety Considerations -- 4.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 5. Ensuring Sustainability through Microscale Chemistry -- 5.1 Introduction to Microscale Chemistry -- 5.2 Development of Microscale Chemistry Experiments for Upper Secondary Schools -- 5.2.1 Microscale Chemistry Experiments -- 5.2.2 Cost-benefit Analysis -- 5.3 Teachers' Evaluation -- 5.3.1 Workshops -- 5.3.2 Focused Group Discussions -- 5.4 Students' Feedback -- 5.4.1 Analyses of Open Comments from Students -- 5.4.2 Interviews -- 5.5 Conclusion -- References -- 6. Capability Development and Technology Transfer Essential for Economic Transformation -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 The Importance of R&D -- 6.2.1 Research and Development Expenditure -- 6.3 Knowledge Creation and Technology Transfer -- 6.3.1 Development of an RDT Voucher System -- 6.3.2 External Engagement -- 6.3.3 Organizational RDT Planning -- 6.3.4 Structural Changes -- 6.4 Technology Transfer Future -- 6.5 Applications to Green Chemistry -- 6.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- PART 2 Green Lab Technologies -- 7. Ultrasound Cavitation as a Green Processing Technique in the Design and Manufacture of Pharmaceutical Nanoemulsions in Drug Delivery System -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Types of Emulsion and Principles of Nanoemulsion Formation -- 7.3 Formulation Aspects of Nanoemulsion -- 7.4 The Ultrasonic Domain -- 7.5 What is Ultrasound Cavitation? -- 7.6 Ultrasound Generation -- 7.7 Principle and Operation of Ultrasound Emulsification -- 7.8 Types of Ultrasound Emulsification: Batch and Dynamic Systems -- 7.9 Advantages of Ultrasound Emulsification -- 7.10 General Reviews of Ultrasound Emulsification.

7.11 Nanoemulsion in Pharmaceutical Application -- 7.12 Characterization of Nanoemulsion Drug Delivery System -- 7.12.1 Particle Surface Morphology and Size Distribution -- 7.12.2 Solubility Enhancement -- 7.12.3 Drug Encapsulation and Loading Efficiency -- 7.12.4 Drug Release -- 7.12.5 Ultrasonic-mediated Drug Release -- 7.12.6 Site Specific Drug Targeting -- 7.12.7 Stability -- 7.13 Practical and Potential Applications of Nanoemulsion in Different Administration Routes -- 7.13.1 Parenteral Drug Delivery -- 7.13.2 Oral Drug Delivery -- 7.13.3 Topical Drug Delivery -- 7.14 Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 8. Microwave-Enhanced Methods for Biodiesel Production and Other Environmental Applications -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Microwave Energy -- 8.2.1 Microwave Energy as a Heat Source -- 8.2.2 Microwave-Enhanced Biodiesel Synthesis -- 8.3 Biodiesel Production Using Different Feedstock -- 8.3.1 Biodiesel Production from Edible and Non-edible Oils -- 8.3.2 Biodiesel Production from Algae -- 8.4 Energy Consumption -- 8.4.1 Kinetics Study -- 8.4.2 Comparison Between Supercritical and Microwave Assisted Algal Biodiesel Production -- 8.5 Analysis of Algal Biomass and Biodiesel -- 8.5.1 TEM Analysis of Algal Biomass -- 8.5.2 GC-MS Analysis of Algal Biodiesel from Wet Algae -- 8.5.3 TLC Analysis of Algal Biodiesel from Dry Algae -- 8.6 Current Status of the Microwave Technology for Large Scale Biodiesel Production -- 8.7 Other Microwave-enhanced Applications -- 8.7.1 Microwave Applications in Organic Synthesis -- 8.7.2 Microwave Applications for Green Environment -- 8.8 Summary -- References -- 9. Emergence of Base Catalysts for Synthesis of Biodiesel -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Mechanism of Heterogeneous Catalysis -- 9.3 Calcium Oxide and Magnesium Oxide -- 9.4 Hydrotalcite Doped Compounds -- 9.5 Alumina Loaded Compounds -- 9.6 Zeolite.

9.7 Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 10. Hydrothermal Technologies for the Production of Fuels and Chemicals from Biomass -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Thermochemical Processes for Biomass -- 10.2.1 Gasification -- 10.2.2 Pyrolysis -- 10.2.3 Direct Liquefaction -- 10.3 Green Chemistry and Hydrothermal Liquefaction -- 10.3.1 Upgrading Biocrude Oils -- 10.4 Hydro-Deoxygenation Upgrading -- 10.5 Zeolite Upgrading -- 10.5.1 Zeolite Upgrading of Pyrolysis Bio-oils -- 10.5.2 Zeolite Upgrading of Liquefaction Biocrude -- 10.5.3 Bio-oil Emulsification -- 10.5.4 Steam Reforming Bio-oil -- 10.5.5 HTU® technology -- 10.5.6 Thermal Depolymerization Process (TDP) Technology -- 10.6 Conclusions -- References -- 11. Ionic Liquids in Green Chemistry - Prediction of Ionic Liquids Toxicity Using Different Models -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.1.1 Ionic Liquids -- 11.1.2 Ionic Liquids: Applications -- 11.1.3 Ionic Liquid Toxicity -- 11.2 Conclusions -- References -- 12. Nano-catalyst: A Second Generation Tool for Green Chemistry -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Nanocatalyst: An Origin of a Green Concept -- 12.3 Recent Advances in Nanocatalysis -- 12.3.1 Synthesis of Nano-catalysts -- 12.3.2 Applications -- 12.4 Challenges and Future Scope -- 12.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 13. Green Polymer Synthesis: An Overview on Use of Microwave-Irradiation -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Radical Polymerization -- 13.2.1 Free Radical Homopolymerization -- 13.2.2 Free Radical Copolymerizations -- 13.2.3 Synthesis of Composites by Free Radical Polymerization -- 13.2.4 Emulsion Polymerization -- 13.2.5 Controlled Radical Polymerization -- 13.3 Step Growth Polymerization -- 13.3.1 Synthesis of Poly(amide)s -- 13.3.2 Synthesis of Poly(imide)s -- 13.3.3 Synthesis of Poly(ether)s -- 13.3.4 Synthesis of Poly(ester)s.

13.3.5 Synthesis of Poly(urea)s and Poly(urethane)s -- 13.3.6 Synthesis of Poly(anhydride)s -- 13.3.7 Synthesis of Poly(amide-imide)s, Poly (amide-ester)s, Poly(ether-ester)s, Poly(ester-imide)s, Poly (ether-imide)s, Poly(amino-quinone) and other Polycondensation Reactions -- 13.3.8 Copolymerization -- 13.4 Ring Opening Polymerization -- 13.4.1 Ring Opening Polymerization of Cyclic Esters -- 13.4.2 Enzyme Catalyzed Ring Opening Polymerization -- 13.4.3 Cationic/Anionic Ring Opening Polymerizations -- 13.4.4 Ring Opening Copolymerization -- 13.5 Polymer Modifications -- 13.5.1 Polymer Crosslinking/Curing -- 13.5.2 Formation of Hydrogels -- 13.5.3 Polymer Composites -- 13.5.4 Processing of Polymeric Scaffolds and Particles -- 13.5.5 Polymer Blends -- 13.6 Miscellaneous Polymer Synthesis -- 13.6.1 Syntheses of Polypeptides -- 13.7 Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- PART 3 Green Bio-energy Sources -- 14. Bioenergy as a Green Technology Frontier -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Bioenergy Life Cycles -- 14.2.1 Land-use Changes -- 14.2.2 Resource Demand (other inputs) -- 14.2.3 Process Contribution to Energy Demand (fossil fuel inputs) -- 14.3 Transportation Biofuels -- 14.3.1 Oil Crops for Biodiesel -- 14.3.2 Carbohydrate Crops for Ethanol -- 14.4 Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass -- 14.5 Biogas -- 14.5.1 Anaerobic Digestion and Methane Production -- 14.5.2 Biohydrogen -- 14.6 Microbial Fuel Cells -- 14.7 Future Prospects -- References -- 15. Biofuels as Suitable Replacement for Fossil Fuels -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Types of Biofuels and Technologies for their Production -- 15.2.1 Biodiesel -- 15.2.2 Bioalcohols -- 15.2.3 Biogas and Biohydrogen -- 15.2.4 Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels (LHF) -- 15.3 Future Prospects and Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 16. Biocatalysts for Greener Solutions -- 16.1 Introduction.

16.1.1 Challenges Facing Green Chemistry.