Managing Wastewater In Coastal Urban Areas -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- THE CURRENT APPROACH TO WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT IN COASTAL AREAS -- Federal Legislation -- Progress and Emerging Concerns -- Constituents of Concern -- High Priority -- Intermediate Priority -- Low Priority -- KEY ISSUES RELATING TO WASTEWATER AND STORMWATER MANAGEMENT -- Regional Differences -- Nutrients in Coastal Waters -- Source Control and Water Conservation -- Levels of Treatment -- Stormwater and Combined Sewer Overflows -- Detecting Human Pathogens -- Evaluation and Feedback -- INTEGRATED COASTAL MANAGEMENT -- The Process -- Benefits, Barriers, and Solutions -- Implementation -- Immediate Actions -- Longer-Term Actions -- Long-Term Implementation -- REFERENCES -- 1 Introduction -- STRESSES ON THE COASTAL ENVIRONMENT -- WASTEWATER AND STORMWATER MANAGEMENT -- Constituents and Impacts -- Anticipated National-Level Priorities for Constituents of Concern -- Treatment Technologies and Other Management Techniques -- The Role of Government -- The Role of the Public -- THE CURRENT APPROACH TO WASTEWATER AND COASTAL MANAGEMENT -- PROGRESS IN MANAGING WATER QUALITY -- Water Pollution Control Success Stories -- News York Harbor -- Delaware River -- CHALLENGES FOR THE FUTURE -- CASE HISTORIES -- Boston -- San Diego -- REFERENCES -- 2 Key Issues Relating to Wastewater and Stormwater Management -- REGIONAL DIFFERENCES -- NUTRIENTS IN COASTAL WATERS -- SOURCE CONTROL AND WATER CONSERVATION -- LEVELS OF TREATMENT -- STORMWATER AND COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS -- DETECTING HUMAN PATHOGENS -- DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES -- EVALUATION AND FEEDBACK -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 3 Integrated Coastal Management -- DEVELOPING A SUSTAINABLE VISION -- PRINCIPLES AND METHODOLOGY FOR A SYSTEM OF INTEGRATED COASTAL MANAGEMENT -- Principles -- Process -- Set Goals.

Define Geographic Extent of Concerns -- Assess and Compare Risks -- Develop and Compare Alternatives for Risk Management -- Institutional Arrangements -- Development, Selection, and Implementation -- Monitoring -- Information Management -- Research -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Background Reading -- 4 The Process -- DYNAMIC PLANNING -- Set Goals -- Identify Resources -- Review Existing Scientific Knowledge -- Assess Human Expectations -- Defining Issues and Setting Goals -- Define the Geographic Extent of Concerns -- Resources -- Sources -- Administrative Authorities -- Assess and Compare Risks -- Assessing Risk -- Compare Risks -- Santa Monica Bay: A Case Example -- The Bay's Ecosystem -- Major Uses of the Bay -- Identification of Issues of Concern -- Swimming and Water Contact Issues -- Seafood Contamination -- Wetlands -- Ecological Health: Wetlands versus Marine Habitats versus Fisheries -- Develop and Compare Alternatives for Risk Management -- The Need for Problem-Focused Management -- Lessons from Existing Situations -- Ambient Water-Quality Objectives -- The Environmental-Quality Driven Approach -- System Components -- Diffuse Sources-Modeling and Control -- Ocean Sludge Disposal -- Cross-Media Considerations -- Costs and Feasibility -- Expectations and Benefits in Relation to Costs -- Summary -- SELECTION, POLICY, AND INSTITUTIONS -- Institutional Arrangements -- Development, Selection, and Implementation -- Tools for Management -- Selection -- MONITORING, INFORMATION MANAGEMENT, AND RESEARCH -- Monitoring -- Information Management -- Research -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 5 Benefits, Barriers, Solutions, and Implementation -- INTRODUCTION -- Undercontrol and Overcontrol -- BENEFITS -- Clear Goals -- Improved Ability to Achieve Objectives -- Cost-Effective Solutions -- Improved Local Support and Commitment -- BARRIERS AND SOLUTIONS.

Definition of the Coastal Management Region -- Assignment of Authority -- Goals and Approaches -- Plan Implementation -- Monitoring Progress -- Fulfilling Commitments -- Contingencies -- IMPLEMENTATION -- Immediate Actions -- The National Estuary Program -- Public Involvement -- Science and Technical Information -- Institutional Arrangements -- The Longer Term -- Federal Legislation -- Alternative Modes of Regulation -- Pollution Prevention -- Social Science Dimensions -- WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT FOR THE NEXT CENTURY -- REFERENCE -- APPENDIXES -- A The Role of Nutrients in Coastal Waters -- ADVERSE CONSEQUENCES OF EUTROPHICATION AND NUISANCE ALGAE -- Anoxia and Hypoxia -- Dieback of Seagrasses, Algal Beds, and Corals -- Nuisance Algal Blooms -- CONTROLS ON EUTROPHICATION AND NUISANCE BLOOMS IN COASTAL WATERS -- Nutrient Limitation -- Nitrogen Versus Phosphorus Limitation -- Dose-response Relationship: Nitrogen and Eutrophication -- Causes of Nuisance Algal Blooms -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- B Microbial Pathogens in Coastal Waters -- MICROBIOLOGIC AGENTS ASSOCIATED WITH WASTEWATER -- Viruses -- Parasites -- Bacteria -- Animal and Wildlife Sources -- Toxins in Shellfish and Fish -- OCCURRENCE OF PATHOGENS IN COASTAL WATERS -- Bacteria -- Enteric Viruses -- SURVIVAL OF ENTERIC MICROORGANISMS IN MARINE WATERS -- ILLNESSES FROM BATHING -- RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR MICROORGANISMS -- Dose-Response Assessment: Probability of Infection, Morbidity, and Mortality -- Exposure Assessment -- Application of a Virus Risk Model to Characterize Risks from Consuming Shellfish -- SUMMARY OF SHELLFISH AND RECREATIONAL MICROBIOLOGIC RISKS -- REFERENCES -- C Transport and Fate of Pollutants in the Coastal Marine Environment -- INTRODUCTION -- MECHANISMS OF INPUT -- Outfalls -- Discharges from Barges and Ships -- Diffuse Sources -- TRANSPORT AND FATE.

Far-Field Transport and Dispersion of Contaminants -- Dispersion -- Net Advective Processes -- Modeling and Measurements -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- Behavior of Particles from Wastewater and Sludge: Flocculation and Sedimentation -- Particles in Marine Environments -- Particles and Particle-Reactive Pollutants in Wastewaters and Sludges -- Transport and Fate of Wastewater Particles -- The Sediment-Water Interface -- Discussion and Conclusions -- Chemical and Biological Conversions of Toxics in situ -- Biological Availability/Bioaccumulation -- Transformation Processes -- Organics in Sediments -- Trace Elements and the Importance of Speciation -- Nutrient Cycling and Biostimulation -- Sediment Processes -- Sediment Deposition, Resuspension, and Transport -- Sediment Mixing, Contaminant Reactions, and Release to the Water Column -- The United States Experience -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Sediment Quality -- Definition and Criteria -- Sediment Quality Modeling -- Ultimate Sinks for Pollutants: Distribution of Pollutants in Water and Sediments in the Ultra-Far-Field -- Dumpsite 106 -- Understanding from Seattle Puget Sound -- Understanding from Southern California -- Conclusion -- Afterword -- Recommendation -- OVERALL DESIGN OF DISPOSAL SYSTEMS, CONTROL OF DIFFUSE SOURCES, AND USE OF MODELS -- Steps in the Design of a Disposal System (new systems and upgrading existing systems) -- The Water-Quality Driven Approach -- Transport and Fates Modeling: Predicting Ambient Water and Sediment Quality -- Choice of System Components: Alternative Systems -- Discussion -- The Quality-Driven Approach -- Toxicants -- Particles -- Nutrients -- Better Integration of Field with Laboratory and Computer -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- D Engineering and Management Options for Controlling Coastal Environmental Water Quality -- INTRODUCTION -- SOURCE CONTROL.

Pollution Prevention -- Pretreatment -- Recycling and Reuse -- Pollution Prevention in Municipal Wastewater Management-Background and Definitions -- Energy Conservation and Energy Recovery -- Nonpoint Source Control -- Pollution Prevention Programs -- Implementation -- Examples of Pollution Prevention Programs -- Economic Advantages of Pollution Prevention -- Economic Advantages of Recycling and Reuse -- Pollution Prevention or Pretreatment? -- Environmental Benefits-Pretreatment -- Environmental Benefits-Pollution Prevention -- Cost-Benefit Ratios -- Conclusions -- MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT -- Introduction -- Advances in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Systems -- Optimization of Primary Stage(s) of Treatment -- Advances in Biological Treatment Processes -- Natural Wastewater Treatment Systems -- Water Reclamation and Reuse as an Alternative to Wastewater Discharge -- Water Conservation -- Advances that Offer Flexibility and/or Special Capabilities -- Institutional Barriers to Innovation -- Municipal Wastewater Treatment Systems -- Description of Ten Wastewater Treatment Systems -- Matrix of Performance and Cost Summary Tables -- Performance and Costs -- Qualitative Comparisons -- Toxic Organics and Metals -- Fats, Oil, and Grease -- Sludge -- Sludge Quantity -- Sludge Treatment Costs -- Land Disposal -- Composting -- Incineration -- Direct Land Application -- Energy Use in Municipal Wastewater Treatment -- DISINFECTION -- Disinfection Methods -- Chlorination -- Dechlorination -- Ozone Disinfection -- Ultraviolet Irradiation -- Electron Beam -- Efficacy of Disinfection Methods in Pathogen Inactivation -- COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOW CONTROLS -- History and Problems -- CSO Technologies -- Source Controls -- Flow System Optimization -- Sewer Separation -- High-Rate Satellite Treatment -- Off-Line Storage -- Integrating CSO Control Techniques.

Summary of Comparative Performance of CSO Control Technologies.