Contents -- Preface -- 1 Introduction: Why Muslims Need a Secular State -- 2 Islam, the State, and Politics in Historical Perspective -- 3 Constitutionalism, Human Rights, and Citizenship -- 4 India: State Secularism and Communal Violence -- 5 Turkey: Contradictions of Authoritarian Secularism -- 6 Indonesia: Realities of Diversity and Prospects of Pluralism -- 7 Conclusion: Negotiating the Future of Shari'a -- References -- Index.