Bioremediation of Petroleum and Petroleum Products -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Introduction to Bioremediation -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Principles of Bioremediation -- 3 Bioremediation and Biodegradation -- 3.1 Natural Bioremediation -- 3.2 Traditional Bioremediation Methods -- 3.3 Enhanced Bioremediation Treatment -- 3.4 Biostimulation and Bioaugmentation -- 3.5 In Situ and Ex Situ Bioremediation Techniques -- 4 Mechanism of Biodegradation -- 4.1 Chemical Reactions -- 4.2 Kinetic Aspects -- 4.3 Effect of Salt -- 5 Bioremediation Methods -- 5.1 Method Parameters -- 5.2 In Situ and Ex Situ Bioremediation -- 5.3 Biostimulation and Bioaugmentation of Contaminated Sites -- 5.4 Monitored Natural Attenuation -- 5.5 Soil Vapor Extraction, Air Sparging, and Bioventing -- 5.6 Use of Biosurfactants -- 5.7 Rhizosphere Bioremediation -- 5.8 Bioengineering in Bioremediation -- 6 Test Methods for Biodegradation -- 7 References -- 2 Petroleum Composition and Properties -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Composition -- 2.1 Elemental Composition -- 2.2 Chemical Composition -- 2.3 Composition by Volatility -- 2.4 Composition by Fractionation -- 2.5 Composition by Spectroscopy -- 2.5.1 Infrared Spectroscopy -- 2.5.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance -- 2.5.3 Mass Spectrometry -- 2.5.4 Other Techniques -- 3 Properties -- 3.1 Density and Specific Gravity -- 3.2 Elemental (Ultimate) Analysis -- 3.3 Chromatographie Fractionation -- 3.4 Liquefaction and Solidification -- 3.5 Metals Content -- 3.6 Surface and Interfacial Tension -- 3.7 Viscosity -- 3.8 Volatility -- 4 References -- 3 Refinery Products and By-Products -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Refinery Products -- 2.1 Liquefied Petroleum Gas -- 2.2 Naphtha, Gasoline, and Solvents -- 2.3 Kerosene and Diesel Fuel -- 2.4 Fuel Oil -- 2.5 Lubricating Oil -- 2.6 White Oil, Insulating Oil, Insecticides -- 2.7 Grease -- 2.8 Wax -- 2.9 Asphalt.

2.10 Coke -- 3 Refinery Chemicals -- 3.1 Spent Caustic -- 3.2 Spent Acids -- 3.3 Spent Catalysts -- 3.3.1 Demet -- 3.3.2 Met-X -- 4 References -- 4 Composition and Properties of Gaseous Products -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Gaseous Products -- 2.1 Liquefied Petroleum Gas -- 2.2 Natural Gas -- 2.3 Refinery Gas -- 3 Environmental Effects -- 4 Analysis -- 4.1 Calorific Value (Heat of Combustion) -- 4.2 Composition -- 4.3 Density -- 4.4 Relative density -- 4.5 Sulfur -- 4.6 Volatility and Vapor Pressure -- 5 References -- 5 Composition and Properties of Liquid Products -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Naphtha -- 2.1 Composition -- 2.2 Density (Specific Gravity) -- 2.3 Evaporation Rate -- 2.4 Flash Point -- 2.5 Odor and Color -- 2.6 Volatility -- 2.7 Environmental Impact -- 3 Fuel Oil -- 3.1 Asphaltene Content -- 3.2 Composition -- 3.3 Density (Specific Gravity) -- 3.4 Elemental Analysis -- 3.5 Flash Point -- 3.6 Metals Content -- 3.7 Pour Point and Viscosity -- 3.8 Stability -- 3.9 Environmental Impact -- 4 Wastewaters -- 5 References -- 6 Composition and Properties of Solid Products -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Residua and Asphalt -- 2.1 Acid Number -- 2.2 Asphaltene Content -- 3.3 Carbon Disulfide Insoluble Constituents -- 2.4 Composition -- 2.5 Density (Specific Gravity) -- 2.6 Elemental Analysis -- 2.7 Float Test -- 2.8 Softening Point -- 2.9 Viscosity -- 2.10 Weathering -- 2.11 Environmental Impact -- 3 Coke -- 3.1 Ash -- 3.2 Composition -- 3.3 Density -- 3.4 Dust Control Material -- 3.5 Hardness -- 3.6 Metals -- 3.7 Sulfur -- 3.8 Environmental Impact -- 4 Sludge -- 5 References -- 7 Sample Collection and Preparation -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Petroleum Chemicals -- 3 Sample Collection and Preparation -- 3.1 Soil Sampling -- 3.2 Sampling from an Aqueous Medium -- 3.3 Sample Collection -- 3.3.1 Volatile Compounds -- 3.3.2 Condensate Releases.

3.3.3 Semi-Volatile and Non-Volatile Compounds -- 3.3.4 Solids -- 3.3.5 Water Samples -- 3.4 Extract Concentration -- 3.5 Sample Cleanup -- 4 Measurement -- 5 Accuracy -- 6 Precision -- 7 Method Validation -- 8 Quality Control and Quality Assurance -- 8.1 Quality Control -- 8.2 Quality Assurance -- 9 Method Detection Limit -- 10 References -- 8 Analytical Methods -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Chemical And Physical Properties -- 2.1 Adhesion -- 2.2 Biological Oxygen Demand -- 2.3 Boiling Point Distribution -- 2.4 Chemical Dispersibility -- 2.5 Density, Specific Gravity, and API Gravity -- 2.6 Emulsion Formation -- 2.7 Evaporation -- 2.8 Fire Point and Flash Point -- 2.9 Fractionation -- 2.10 Leachability and Toxicity -- 2.11 Metals Content -- 2.12 Pour Point -- 2.13 Solubility in Aqueous Media -- 2.14 Sulfur Content -- 2.15 Surface Tension and Interfacial Tension -- 2.16 Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons -- 2.17 Viscosity -- 2.18 Volatile Organic Compounds -- 2.19 Water Content -- 3 Petroleum Group Analyses -- 3.1 Thin Layer Chromatography -- 3.2 Immunoassay -- 3.3 Gas Chromatography -- 3.4 High Performance Liquid Chromatography -- 3.5 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry -- 4 Other Analytical Methods -- 4.1 Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons -- 4.2 Gas Chromatography -- 4.3 Infrared Spectroscopy -- 4.4 Gravimetry -- 4.5 Immunoassay -- 5 References -- 9 Biodegradation of Petroleum -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Biodegradation of Specific Constituents -- 2.1 Alkanes -- 2.2 Aromatic hydrocarbons -- 2.3 Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons -- 2.4 Phenolic Compounds -- 2.5 Spent Caustic -- 2.6 Wastewater -- 2.7 Chlorinated Compounds -- 3 Petroleum Biodegradation -- 3.1 Effects of Biodegradation -- 3.2 Conditions for Biodegradation -- 3.3 Effect of Nutrients -- 3.4 Effect of Temperature -- 3.5 Effect of Dispersants -- 3.6 Rates of Oil Biodegradation -- 3.7 Effect of Weathering.

4 Application to Spills -- 4.1 General Application -- 5 References -- 10 Biodegradation of Naphtha and Gasoline -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Identity and Origin -- 3 Remediation -- 3.1 Site Remediation -- 3.2 In-Situ Air Stripping -- 3.3 Pump-and-Treat Systems -- 3.4 Vacuum Enhanced Recovery -- 3.5 Single-Phase Vacuum Extraction -- 3.6 Dual-Phase Vacuum Extraction -- 3.7 Surfactant Enhanced Aquifer Redemption -- 3.8 In Situ Chemical Oxidation -- 3.8.1 Hydrogen Peroxide/Fenton's Reagent -- 3.8.2 Permanganates -- 3.9 In Situ-Enhanced Bioremediation -- 3.10 Monitored Natural Attenuation -- 4 BTEX and MTBE -- 4.1 BTEX -- 4.2 Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether -- 5 References -- 11 Biodegradation of Kerosene and Diesel -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Identity and Origin of Kerosene and Diesel -- 3 Bioremediation -- 3.1 Kerosene -- 3.2 Diesel Fuel -- 3.3 Diesel Fuel Additives -- 4 Jet Fuel -- 5 References -- 12 Biodegradation of Fuel Oil -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Identity and Origin of Fuel Oil -- 2.1 Production -- 2.2 Properties -- 3 Biodegradation -- 4 References -- 13 Biodegradation of Lubricating Oil -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Identity and Origin of Lubricating Oil -- 3 Composition and Properties of Lubricating Oil -- 3.1 Thermal Stability of Lubricating Oils -- 3.2 Environmental Aspects of Lubricating Oil Use -- 4 Biodegradation of Lubricating Oils -- 4.1 Petroleum-Based Oils -- 4.2 Synthetic Lubricating Oil -- 4.3 Used Lubricating Oil -- 4.4 Vegetable Oils -- 5 Bioremediation - The Challenge -- 6 Conclusion -- 7 References -- 14 Biodegradation of Residua and Asphalt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Identity and Origin of Residua and Asphalt -- 2.1 Residua -- 2.2 Asphalt -- 3 Biodegradation of Residua and Asphalt -- 3.1 Residua -- 3.2 Asphalt -- 3.3 Asphaltene Constituents -- 4 References -- 15 Bioremediation Methods -- 1 Land Ecosystems -- 1.1 Site Evaluation -- 1.2 Soil Evaluation.

1.2.1 Physical Properties -- 1.2.2 Chemical Properties -- 1.2.3 Biological Properties -- 1.3 Effect of Temperature -- 1.4 Effect of pH -- 1.5 Effect of Salinity -- 2 Water Ecosystems -- 2.1 Biodegradation -- 2.2 Bioremediation -- 2.2.1 Effect of Temperature -- 2.2.2 Effect of Oxygen -- 2.2.3 Nutrients -- 2.2.4 Effect of Petroleum Characteristics -- 2.2.5 Effect of Prior Exposure -- 2.2.6 Effect of Dispersants -- 2.2.7 Effect of Flowing Water -- 2.2.8 Effect of Deep-Sea Environments -- 3 References -- 16 The Future of Bioremediation -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Status -- 2.1 Conventional Bioremediation -- 2.2 Enhanced Bioremediation -- 2.3 Bioremediation in Extreme Environments -- 3 Advantages and Disadvantages -- 4 Conclusion -- 5 References -- Glossary -- Conversion Factors -- Index.