Contents -- Preface -- FUNDAMENTALS -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Definition and Significance -- 1.3 Classification of Biophotonics in Dentistry -- 1.3.1 Diagnostic -- 1.3.2 Therapeutic -- 1.3.3 Research -- 1.4 Future Opportunities -- 1.5 Scope of this Book -- Chapter 2 Photomechanics -- 2.1 Introduction to Mechanics -- 2.1.1 Force and Stress -- 2.1.2 Deformation and Strain -- 2.1.3 Stress-Strain Equations -- 2.2 Basic Optical Engineering -- 2.2.1 Geometrical Optics -- 2.2.2 Physical (Wave) Optics -- 2.2.3 Photonics -- 2.3 Photomechanics -- 2.3.1 Moire and Grid Methods -- 2.3.2 Speckle Methods -- 2.3.3 Photoelasticity -- 2.3.4 Holography -- 2.3.5 Digital Photomechanics -- 2.4 Concluding Remarks -- Chapter 3 Biomedical Imaging -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Non-Linear Optical Microscopy (NLOM): Multiphoton Excited Fluorescence (MPEF) and Second Harmonic Generation (SGH) -- 3.2.1 Principles of NLOM -- 3.2.2 Development and Applications of NLOM -- 3.2.3 NLOM in Dentistry -- 3.3 Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) -- 3.3.1 Principles of OCT -- 3.3.2 Developments and Applications of OCT -- 3.3.3 OCT in Dentistry -- 3.4 Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) and Modulated Imaging (MI) -- 3.5 Fluorescence Contrast Enhancement -- 3.6 Concluding Remarks -- Chapter 4 Spectroscopy -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Molecular Orbitals and Transitions -- 4.3 Transition Dipole Moment -- 4.4 Spin Selection Rule -- 4.5 Franck-Condon Principle -- 4.6 Jablonski Diagram -- 4.7 Stokes Shift -- 4.8 Spectrophotometry -- 4.9 Fluorescence Intensity and Lifetime -- 4.10 Spectrofluorimetry -- 4.11 Fluorescence Quenching -- 4.12 Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) -- 4.13 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy -- 4.14 Concluding Remarks -- Chapter 5 Lasers and Laser Tissue Interaction -- 5.1 Introduction.

5.2 Laser Basics -- 5.2.1 Characteristics of Lasers -- 5.3 Light Propagation in Tissue -- 5.4 Optical Imaging and Diagnosis -- 5.4.1 Optical Imaging -- 5.4.2 Optical Spectroscopic Diagnosis -- 5.5 Optical Processing of Tissue -- 5.5.1 Photothermal Effects -- 5.5.2 Photomechanical Effects -- 5.5.3 Photochemical Effects -- 5.5.4 Applications of Laser Processing of Tissue -- 5.6 Concluding Remarks -- Chapter 6 Mechanisms and Applications of Photodynamic Therapy -- 6.1 Historical Background -- 6.2 Photosensitizers -- 6.3 Light Applicators -- 6.4 PDT Mechanisms -- 6.4.1 Photophysics and Photochemistry -- 6.4.2 Biological Effect -- 6.5 PDT Dosimetry -- 6.6 Progress in Clinical Application -- 6.6.1 Non-Malignant Diseases -- 6.6.2 Malignant Diseases -- 6.7 PDT in Dentistry -- 6.7.1 Technical Challenges -- 6.7.2 Current Status -- 6.8 Concluding Remarks -- APPLICATIONS -- Chapter 7 Dental Photo-Biomechanics -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Photoelasticity -- 7.2.1 Introduction -- 7.2.2 Photoelastic Models -- 7.2.3 Polariscope -- 7.2.4 Photoelastic Fringe Analysis -- 7.2.5 Applications of Photoelasticity in Dentistry -- 7.3 Moire Interferometry -- 7.3.1 Introduction -- 7.3.2 Specimen Grating and Moire Interferometer -- 7.3.3 Applications of Moire Technique in Dentistry -- 7.4 Electronic Speckle Pattern Correlation Interferometry -- 7.4.1 Introduction -- 7.4.2 ESPI Experimental Arrangement -- 7.4.3 Applications of ESPI Technique in Dentistry -- 7.5 Concluding Remarks -- Chapter 8 Micro-Raman Spectroscopy: Principles and Applications in Dental Research -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Breakdown of Composite Repair/Replacement Materials -- 8.3 Material/Tissue Interface -- 8.4 Brief Introduction to Raman Spectroscopy -- 8.5 Applications of Micro-Raman Spectroscopy in Dental Research -- 8.5.1 Characterization of the Smear Layer.

8.5.2 Characterization of Smear Debris -- 8.5.3 Quantifying Reactions at the Adhesive/Dentin Interface -- 8.5.4 Investigation of Adhesive Phase Separation -- 8.6. Concluding Remarks -- Chapter 9 Dental and Oral Tissue Optics -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Continuous Wave Light Interaction with Tissues -- 9.3 Time-Resolved Diffusion Measurements -- 9.4 Optical Properties of Dental Enamel and Dentin -- 9.4.1 Structure of Enamel and Dentin -- 9.4.2 Spectral Properties of Enamel and Dentin -- 9.4.3 Scattering Properties of Enamel -- 9.4.4 Scattering Properties of Dentin -- 9.4.5 Waveguide Effects -- 9.5 Propagation of Polarized Light in Tissues -- 9.5.1 Basic Principles -- 9.5.2 Transillumination Polarization Technique -- 9.5.3 Backscattering Polarization Imaging -- 9.5.4 In-Depth Polarization Spectroscopy -- 9.5.5 Superficial Epithelial Layer Polarization Spectroscopy -- 9.5.6 Polarization Microscopy -- 9.5.7 Digital Photoelasticity Measurements -- 9.6 Optothermal Radiometry -- 9.7 Thermal Imaging -- 9.8 Coherent Effects in the Interaction of Laser Radiation with Tissues and Cell Flows -- 9.9 Dynamic Light Scattering -- 9.9.1 Quasi-Elastic Light Scattering -- 9.9.2 Dynamic Speckles -- 9.9.3 Full-Field Speckle Technique- LASCA -- 9.9.4 Diffusion Wave Spectroscopy -- 9.9.5 Experimental Studies -- 9.10 Coherent Backscattering -- 9.11 Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) -- 9.11.1 Introduction -- 9.11.2 Conventional (Time-Domain) OCT -- 9.11.3 En-Face OCT -- 9.11.4 Doppler OCT -- 9.11.5 Polarization Sensitive OCT -- 9.11.6 Optical Coherence Microscopy -- 9.12 Concluding Remarks -- Chapter 10 Fiber Optic Diagnostic Sensors -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Fiber Optics in Diagnosis -- 10.3 Fiber Optic Diagnostic Sensors: Principles -- 10.4 Direct Fiber Optic Sensors: Principles.

10.4.1 Direct Fiber Optic Physical Sensors -- 10.4.2 Direct Fiber Optic Chemical Sensors -- 10.5. Indirect Fiber Optic Sensors: Principles -- 10.5.1 Indirect Fiber Optic Physical Sensors -- 10.5.2 Indirect Fiber Optic Chemical Sensors -- 10.6 Biosensors -- 10.7 Applications of Fiber Optic Diagnostic Sensors in Dentistry -- 10.8 Concluding Remarks.