Electrical Energy Efficiency : Technologies and Applications.
Başlık:
Electrical Energy Efficiency : Technologies and Applications.
Yazar:
Sumper, Andreas.
ISBN:
9781119990055
Yazar Ek Girişi:
Basım Bilgisi:
1st ed.
Fiziksel Tanımlama:
1 online resource (420 pages)
İçerik:
ELECTRICAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Foreword -- 1 Overview of Standardization of Energy Efficiency -- 1.1 Standardization -- 1.1.1 ISO -- 1.1.2 IEC -- 1.1.3 CEN and CENELEC -- Further Readings -- 2 Cables and Lines -- 2.1 Theory of Heat Transfer -- 2.1.1 Conduction -- 2.1.2 Convection -- 2.1.3 Radiation -- 2.2 Current Rating of Cables Installed in Free Air -- 2.3 Economic Aspects -- 2.4 Calculation of the Current Rating: Total Costs -- 2.4.1 Evaluation of CJ -- 2.5 Determination of Economic Conductor Sizes -- 2.5.1 Economic Current Range for Each Conductor in a Series of Sizes -- 2.5.2 Economic Conductor Size for a Given Load -- 2.6 Summary -- References -- 3 Power Transformers -- 3.1 Losses in Transformers -- 3.1.1 No-Load Losses -- 3.1.2 Load Losses -- 3.1.3 Auxiliary Losses -- 3.1.4 Extra Losses due to Harmonics, Unbalance and Reactive Power -- 3.2 Efficiency and Load Factor -- 3.3 Losses and Cooling System -- 3.4 Energy Efficiency Standards and Regulations -- 3.4.1 MEPS -- 3.4.2 Mandatory Labelling -- 3.4.3 Voluntary Programmes -- 3.5 Life Cycle Costing -- 3.5.1 Life Cycle Cost of Transformers -- 3.5.2 Detailed Considerations -- 3.6 Design, Material and Manufacturing -- 3.6.1 Core -- 3.6.2 Windings -- 3.6.3 Other Developments -- 3.7 Case Study - Evaluation TOC of an Industrial Transformer -- 3.7.1 Method -- 3.7.2 Results -- References -- Further Readings -- 3.A Annex -- 3.A.1 Selected MEPS -- 4 Building Automation, Control and Management Systems -- 4.1 Automation Functions for Energy Savings -- 4.1.1 Temperature Control -- 4.1.2 Lighting -- 4.1.3 Drives and Motors -- 4.1.4 Technical Alarms and Management -- 4.1.5 Remote Control -- 4.2 Automation Systems -- 4.2.1 KNX Systems -- 4.2.2 Scada Systems -- 4.3 Automation Device Own Consumption -- 4.4 Basic Schemes -- 4.4.1 Heating and Cooling.
4.4.2 Ventilation and Air Conditioning -- 4.4.3 Lighting -- 4.4.4 Sunscreens -- 4.4.5 Technical Building Management -- 4.4.6 Technical Installations in the Building -- 4.5 The Estimate of Building Energy Performance -- 4.5.1 European Standard EN 15232 -- 4.5.2 Comparison of Methods: Detailed Calculations and BAC Factors -- Further Readings -- 5 Power Quality Phenomena and Indicators -- 5.1 RMS Voltage Level -- 5.1.1 Sources -- 5.1.2 Effects on Energy Efficiency -- 5.1.3 Mitigation Methods -- 5.2 Voltage Fluctuations -- 5.2.1 Disturbance Description -- 5.2.2 Sources of Voltage Fluctuations -- 5.2.3 Effects and Cost -- 5.2.4 Mitigation Methods -- 5.3 Voltage and Current Unbalance -- 5.3.1 Disturbance Description -- 5.3.2 Sources -- 5.3.3 Effect and Cost -- 5.3.4 Mitigation Methods -- 5.4 Voltage and Current Distortion -- 5.4.1 Disturbance Description -- 5.4.2 Sources -- 5.4.3 Effects and Cost -- 5.4.4 Mitigation Methods -- References -- Further Readings -- 6 On Site Generation and Microgrids -- 6.1 Technologies of Distributed Energy Resources -- 6.1.1 Energy Sources -- 6.1.2 Energy Storage -- 6.2 Impact of DG on Power Losses in Distribution Networks -- 6.3 Microgrids -- 6.3.1 Concept -- 6.3.2 Energy Storage Applications -- 6.3.3 Management and Control -- 6.3.4 Power Quality and Reliability in Microgrids -- References -- Further Readings -- 7 Electric Motors -- 7.1 Losses in Electric Motors -- 7.1.1 Power Balance and Energy Efficiency -- 7.1.2 Loss Components Classification -- 7.1.3 Influence Factors -- 7.2 Motor Efficiency Standards -- 7.2.1 Efficiency Classification Standards -- 7.2.2 Efficiency Measurement Standards -- 7.2.3 Future Standard for Variable Speed Drives -- 7.3 High Efficiency Motor Technology -- 7.3.1 Motor Materials -- 7.3.2 Motor Design -- 7.3.3 Motor Manufacturing -- References -- 8 Lighting -- 8.1 Energy and Lighting Systems.
8.1.1 Energy Consumption in Lighting Systems -- 8.1.2 Energy Efficiency in Lighting Systems -- 8.2 Regulations -- 8.3 Technological Advances in Lighting Systems -- 8.3.1 Efficient Light Sources -- 8.3.2 Efficient Ballasts -- 8.3.3 Efficient Luminaries -- 8.4 Energy Efficiency in Indoor Lighting Systems -- 8.4.1 Policy Actions to Support Energy Efficiency -- 8.4.2 Retrofit or Redesign? -- 8.4.3 Lighting Controls -- 8.4.4 Daylighting -- 8.5 Energy Efficiency in Outdoor Lighting Systems -- 8.5.1 Efficient Lamps and Luminaires -- 8.5.2 Outdoor Lighting Controls -- 8.6 Maintenance of Lighting Systems -- References -- Further Readings -- 9 Electrical Drives and Power Electronics -- 9.1 Control Methods for Induction Motors and PMSM -- 9.1.1 V/f Control -- 9.1.2 Vector Control -- 9.1.3 DTC -- 9.2 Energy Optimal Control Methods -- 9.2.1 Converter Losses -- 9.2.2 Motor Losses -- 9.2.3 Energy Optimal Control Strategies -- 9.3 Topology of the Variable Speed Drive -- 9.3.1 Input Stage -- 9.3.2 DC Bus -- 9.3.3 The Inverter -- 9.4 New Trends on Power Semiconductors -- 9.4.1 Modulation Techniques -- 9.4.2 Review of Different Modulation Methods -- References -- Further Readings -- 10 Industrial Heating Processes -- 10.1 General Aspects Regarding Electroheating in Industry -- 10.2 Main Electroheating Technologies -- 10.2.1 Resistance Heating -- 10.2.2 Infrared Heating -- 10.2.3 Induction Heating -- 10.2.4 Dielectric Heating -- 10.2.5 Arc Furnaces -- 10.3 Specific Aspects Regarding the Increase of Energy Efficiency in Industrial Heating Processes -- 10.3.1 Replacement of Traditional Heating Technologies -- 10.3.2 Selection of the Most Suitable Electrotechnology -- 10.3.3 Increasing the Efficiency of the Existing Electroheating Equipment -- References -- Further Readings -- 11 Heat, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) -- 11.1 Basic Concepts.
11.2 Environmental Thermal Comfort -- 11.3 HVAC Systems -- 11.3.1 Energy Conversion -- 11.3.2 Energy Balance -- 11.3.3 Energy Efficiency -- 11.4 Energy Measures in HVAC Systems -- 11.4.1 Final Service -- 11.4.2 Passive Methods -- 11.4.3 Conversion Device -- 11.4.4 Energy Sources -- References -- Further Readings -- 12 Data Centres -- 12.1 Standards -- 12.2 Consumption Profile -- 12.2.1 Energy Performance Index -- 12.3 IT Infrastructure and Equipment -- 12.3.1 Blade Server -- 12.3.2 Storage -- 12.3.3 Network Equipment -- 12.3.4 Consolidation -- 12.3.5 Virtualization -- 12.3.6 Software -- 12.4 Facility Infrastructure -- 12.4.1 Electrical Infrastructure -- 12.4.2 HVAC Infrastructure -- 12.5 DG and CHP for Data Centres -- 12.6 Organizing for Energy Efficiency -- Further Readings -- 13 Reactive Power Compensation -- 13.1 Reactive Power Compensation in an Electric Utility Network -- 13.1.1 Economic Efficiency of Reactive Power Compensation -- 13.2 Reactive Power Compensation in an Industrial Network -- 13.2.1 Linear Loads -- 13.2.2 Group Compensation -- 13.2.3 Nonlinear Loads -- 13.3 Var Compensation -- 13.3.1 A Synchronous Condenser -- 13.3.2 Capacitor Banks -- 13.3.3 Power Electronic Compensators/Stabilizers -- References -- Further Readings -- Index.
Özet:
The improvement of electrical energy efficiency is fast becoming one of the most essential areas of sustainability development, backed by political initiatives to control and reduce energy demand. Now a major topic in industry and the electrical engineering research community, engineers have started to focus on analysis, diagnosis and possible solutions. Owing to the complexity and cross-disciplinary nature of electrical energy efficiency issues, the optimal solution is often multi-faceted with a critical solutions evaluation component to ensure cost effectiveness. This single-source reference brings a practical focus to the subject of electrical energy efficiency, providing detailed theory and practical applications to enable engineers to find solutions for electroefficiency problems. It presents power supplier as well as electricity user perspectives and promotes routine implementation of good engineering practice. Key features include: a comprehensive overview of the different technologies involved in electroefficiency, outlining monitoring and control concepts and practical design techniques used in industrial applications; description of the current standards of electrical motors, with illustrative case studies showing how to achieve better design; up-to-date information on standarization, technologies, economic realities and energy efficiency indicators (the main types and international results); coverage on the quality and efficiency of distribution systems (the impact on distribution systems and loads, and the calculation of power losses in distribution lines and in power transformers). With invaluable practical advice, this book is suited to practicing electrical engineers, design engineers, installation designers, M&E designers, and economic engineers. It equips maintenance and energy managers, planners, and infrastructure managers with
the necessary knowledge to properly evaluate the wealth of electrical energy efficiency solutions for large investments. This reference also provides interesting reading material for energy researchers, policy makers, consultants, postgraduate engineering students and final year undergraduate engineering students.
Notlar:
Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2017. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.
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