Contents -- Preface -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 What is Pulsed Power? -- 1.2 Pulsed Power Parameters -- 1.3 Explosive Power Sources -- 1.3.1 Flux Compression Generators -- 1.3.2 Explosive Magnetohydrodynamic Generators -- 1.3.3 Moving Magnet Generators -- 1.3.4 Ferroelectric Generators -- 1.3.5 Ferromagnetic Generators -- 1.4 Book Outline -- Bibliography -- 2. Fundamentals of Electromagnetic Theory and Electric Circuits -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Maxwell's Equations -- 2.3 Circuit Elements and Equations -- 2.3.1 Circuit Elements -- 2.3.1.1 Resistors -- 2.3.1.2 Inductors -- 2.3.1.3 Capacitors -- 2.3.1.4 Transformers -- 2.3.1.5 Switches -- 2.3.1.6 Transmission Lines -- 2.3.1.7 Insulation -- 2.3.2 Circuit Equations -- 2.3.3 Transient Circuits -- 2.4 Electromagnetic Phenomena -- 2.4.1 Magnetic Di.usion -- 2.4.2 Magnetic Force -- 2.4.3 Magnetic Pressure -- 2.4.4 Electric Fields -- 2.4.5 Electrical Breakdown -- 2.4.5.1 Gas Breakdown -- 2.4.5.2 Liquid Breakdown -- 2.4.5.3 Solid Breakdown -- 2.4.5.4 Surface Flashover -- 2.5 Summary -- Bibliography -- 3. Fundamentals of Shock Waves and High Explosives -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Shock and Detonation Waves -- 3.2.1 Stress and Strain -- 3.2.2 Sound Velocity -- 3.2.3 ShockWaves -- 3.2.4 Detonation Waves -- 3.2.5 Detonation Jump Equations -- 3.3 Explosives and Explosive Components -- 3.3.1 Explosives -- 3.3.1.1 Categories of Explosives -- 3.3.1.2 Chemistry of Explosives -- 3.3.1.3 Explosive Thermochemistry -- 3.3.1.4 Chemical Kinetics -- 3.3.1.5 Factors That Affect Explosives -- 3.3.1.6 Explosive Power -- 3.3.2 Explosive Train -- 3.3.2.1 Detonators -- 3.3.2.2 Fire Set and Cabling -- 3.4 Interaction of Detonation Waves with Materials -- 3.4.1 Impedance -- 3.4.2 Gurney Equations -- 3.4.3 Taylor Angle Approximation -- 3.5 Summary -- Bibliography -- 4. Measurement Techniques -- 4.1 High Power Electrical Measurements.

4.1.1 Voltage Measurements -- 4.1.1.1 Resistive Voltage Divider -- 4.1.1.2 Capacitive Voltage Divider -- 4.1.1.3 Optical Voltage Monitors -- 4.1.2 Current Measurements -- 4.1.2.1 Pure Resistive Shunt Method -- 4.1.2.2 Rogowski Coil -- 4.1.2.3 Pearson Current Monitor -- 4.1.2.4 Current Viewing Resistor -- 4.1.2.5 Cavity Current Monitor -- 4.1.2.6 Magneto-Optical Current Sensor -- 4.1.3 Power and Energy Measurements -- 4.2 Pulsed Electric and Magnetic Field Measurements -- 4.2.1 B-Dot Probes -- 4.2.2 D-Dot Probes -- 4.2.3 Current Monitor Transformer -- 4.2.4 Antennae -- 4.2.4.1 Dipole Antenna -- 4.2.4.2 Monopole Antenna -- 4.2.4.3 Log Periodic Antenna -- 4.2.4.4 Vivaldi Antenna -- 4.2.5 Thin Film Sensors -- 4.3 DetonicMeasurement Techniques -- 4.3.1 Time of Arrival Detectors -- 4.3.2 Surface Displacement Detectors -- 4.3.3 Stress Versus Time Detectors -- 4.3.3.1 Piezoresistive Gages -- 4.3.3.2 Piezoelectric Gages -- 4.3.4 Cinematographic and Flash X-Ray Techniques -- 4.3.4.1 Shadowgraphs -- 4.3.4.2 Rotating-Mirror and Rotating-Drum Cameras -- 4.3.4.3 Image Converter and Electronic Cameras -- 4.3.4.4 Flash X-Ray Radiography -- 4.4 Summary -- Bibliography -- 5. Flux Compression Generators -- 5.1 Classifications of FCGs -- 5.2 Historical Perspectives -- 5.3 Principles of Operation -- 5.3.1 General Principles -- 5.3.2 Some Important Generator Parameters -- 5.3.3 Generator Impedance -- 5.3.4 Example: An Idealised Generator -- 5.3.5 Advantages and Disadvantages -- 5.3.5.1 High Energy and Power Density -- 5.3.5.2 Adaptability -- 5.3.5.3 Pulse Shape Effects -- 5.3.5.4 Powering Parallel Loads -- 5.4 Specific Types of Generator -- 5.4.1 Plate Generators -- 5.4.2 Strip Generators -- 5.4.3 Cylindrical Implosion System -- 5.4.4 Coaxial Generators -- 5.4.5 Disk Generators -- 5.4.6 Loop Generators -- 5.4.7 Helical or Spiral Generators.

5.4.8 Simultaneous Helical Generators -- 5.4.9 Shock Wave Generators -- 5.4.10 Summary of Generator Classes -- 5.5 Losses and Efficiencies -- 5.5.1 Diffusion Related Losses -- 5.5.2 Mechanical Related Losses -- 5.5.2.1 Mechanical Tolerances -- 5.5.2.2 Moving Contact Effects -- 5.5.2.3 Explosive Produced Jets -- 5.5.2.4 Undesired Component Motion -- 5.5.3 Efficiencies -- 5.6 Power Conditioning -- 5.6.1 Switches -- 5.6.1.1 Closing Switches -- 5.6.1.2 Opening Switches -- 5.6.2 Transformer Coupling -- 5.6.2.1 Powering a Large Inductance -- 5.6.2.2 Powering Large Resistances -- 5.6.3 Transformers -- 5.6.3.1 Helical-Wound Coils -- 5.6.3.2 Tape-Wound Coils -- 5.6.4 Generator Flux Sources (Seed Sources) -- 5.6.4.1 Capacitive Seed Sources -- 5.6.4.2 External Seed Coils -- 5.6.4.3 Booster Generators -- 5.6.4.4 Permanent Magnets, FEGs and FMGs -- 5.7 Summary -- Bibliography -- 6. Helical Flux Compression Generators -- 6.1 Basic Theoretical Treatment -- 6.2 Figures of Merit -- 6.3 Loss Mechanisms -- 6.3.1 Electrical Loss Mechanisms -- 6.3.1.1 Magnetic Diffusion -- 6.3.1.2 Electrical Breakdown -- 6.3.1.3 Contact Point Resistance Model -- 6.3.2 Mechanical Loss Mechanisms -- 6.3.2.1 Mechanical Tolerances -- 6.3.2.2 Expansion and Fracturing -- 6.3.3 Geometrical Loss Mechanisms -- 6.3.3.1 Moving Contact E.ects -- 6.3.3.2 Explosive Produced Jets -- 6.3.3.3 Explosive Packing and Voids -- 6.3.3.4 Undesired Component Motion -- 6.4 Seed Sources for HFCGs -- 6.4.1 Capacitive Energy Stores -- 6.4.2 Batteries -- 6.4.3 Permanent Magnets -- 6.5 HFCGs with Simultaneous Axial Initiation -- 6.6 Cascaded HFCGs -- 6.7 Practical Design and Optimisation of HFCGs -- 6.7.1 Philosophy -- 6.7.2 PreliminaryDesign -- 6.7.3 Advanced Design -- 6.8 Small versus Large HFCGs -- 6.9 Computer Models -- 6.10 Summary -- Bibliography -- 7. Magnetic Materials and Circuits.

7.1 Properties of Magnetic Materials -- 7.1.1 Types of Magnetic Materials -- 7.1.2 Properties of Magnetic Materials -- 7.2 Shock Compression of Ferromagnetic Materials -- 7.3 Magnetic Circuits -- 7.3.1 Magnetic Circuit Laws -- 7.3.2 Magnetic Circuit Model for Permanent Magnets -- 7.4 Magnetic Loss Mechanisms -- 7.4.1 Hysteresis Loss -- 7.4.2 Eddy Current Loss -- 7.5 Summary -- Bibliography -- 8. Ferromagnetic Generators -- 8.1 Explosive Driven Soft Ferromagnetic Generators -- 8.2 Explosive Driven Soft Ferromagnetic Generator Limitations -- 8.3 Pressure Induced Magnetic Phase Transitions in Hard Ferromagnets -- 8.3.1 Longitudinal Shock Wave Demagnetisation of Nd2Fe14B -- 8.3.2 Pressure in Shock Compressed Nd2Fe14B Ferromagnets -- 8.3.3 High Voltage and High Current Generation by Longitudinally Shock Demagnetising Nd2Fe14B. -- 8.4 Transverse Shock Wave Demagnetisation of Nd2Fe14B Ferromagnets -- 8.4.1 Static Magnetic Flux Initially Stored in Nd2Fe14B Ferromagnets -- 8.4.2 Transverse Shock Wave Demagnetisation of Nd2Fe14B Ferromagnets -- 8.5 Generation of High Currents by Miniature Transverse FMGs -- 8.5.1 The Physical Principle of Seed Current Generation -- 8.5.2 Magnetic Flux Changes in Transverse FMGs -- 8.5.3 Currents Produced by Transverse FMGs -- 8.6 FMG Analytical Techniques -- 8.6.1 Analytical Equations -- 8.6.2 Current Generated by Longitudinal FMGs -- 8.6.3 Current Generated by Transverse FMGs -- 8.6.4 Summary -- 8.7 Charging Capacitors with High Voltage Transverse FMGs -- 8.7.1 High Voltage Transverse FMG Design -- 8.7.2 Results and Discussion -- 8.7.3 Summary -- 8.8 Miniature High Voltage, Nanosecond FMG System -- 8.8.1 Operating Principles -- 8.8.2 Performance of the FMG-VIG System -- 8.8.3 Summary -- 8.9 Explosive Driven FMG-FCG System -- 8.9.1 FMG-FCG System -- 8.9.2 FMG-FCG Performance -- 8.10 Summary -- Bibliography.

9. Ferroelectric Materials and Their Properties -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Historical Perspectives -- 9.3 Electromechanical Effects in Ferroelectric Materials -- 9.4 Piezoelectric Figures ofMerit -- 9.4.1 Dielectric Constant/Permittivity -- 9.4.2 Dielectric Strength -- 9.4.3 Remnant Polarisation -- 9.4.4 Coercive Field -- 9.4.5 Compliance -- 9.4.6 Piezoelectric Charge Constant or Piezoelectric Coefficient -- 9.4.7 Piezoelectric Voltage Constant -- 9.4.8 Electromechanical Coupling Factor -- 9.4.9 Acoustic Impedance -- 9.5 Notation -- 9.6 FerroelectricMaterials -- 9.6.1 Single-Crystals -- 9.6.2 Ferroceramics -- 9.6.3 Ferropolymers -- 9.6.4 Ferrocomposites -- 9.6.5 Thin Films -- 9.7 Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) -- 9.7.1 PZT Properties -- 9.7.2 Important PZT Parameters -- 9.7.2.1 Intrinsic Effects -- 9.7.2.2 Extrinsic Effects -- 9.7.2.3 PZT 95/5 -- 9.7.3 Fabrication of PZT -- 9.7.4 Factors that A.ect PZT -- 9.7.4.1 Dopants -- 9.7.4.2 Density and Porosity -- 9.7.4.3 Encapsulating Materials -- 9.7.4.4 Shock and Electric Field Amplitudes -- 9.7.5 Optimisation of PZT for FEGs -- 9.7.6 PZT Failure Modes -- 9.8 Chapter Summary -- 9.9 Suggested Reading on Ferromagnetic Materials -- Bibliography -- 10. Phase Transformations in Ferroelectric Crystals -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Perovskite-Type ABO3 Crystal Structure -- 10.3 The PhaseDiagram -- 10.3.1 Cubic -- 10.3.2 Tetragonal -- 10.3.3 Rhombohedral, F -- 10.3.4 Rhombohedral, AF -- 10.3.5 Orthorhombic -- 10.3.6 Monoclinic A,B,C. -- 10.4 Single-Crystal Behavior -- 10.4.1 Domains (Crystal Variants) -- 10.4.2 Domain Walls -- 10.5 Driving Forces for Domain Wall Motion (Evolution of Variants, Poling and Depoling) -- 10.5.1 Mechanical Work -- 10.5.2 ElectricWork -- 10.5.3 Combined Stress and Electric Field -- 10.5.4 Orientation Effects (Orthogonal Transformations) -- 10.5.5 Stress -- 10.5.6 Electric Field.

10.5.7 Kinetics of Variant Evolution.