Front Cover -- Functional Materials -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- About the Editors -- Contributors -- 1 Soft Materials - Properties and Applications -- 1.1 Introduction to Soft Matter -- 1.1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.2 Soft Matter: A Viscoelastic Fluid -- 1.1.3 Shear Modulus and the Energy Density -- 1.2 Intermolecular Interactions in Soft Materials -- 1.2.1 Charge-Charge Interaction -- 1.2.2 Ion-Dipole Interactions -- 1.2.3 Dipole-Dipole Interactions -- 1.2.4 Ion-Induced Dipole Interactions -- 1.2.5 Dipole-Induced Dipole Interaction -- 1.2.6 Induced Dipole-Induced Dipole Interactions -- 1.2.7 Hydrogen Bonds -- 1.2.8 Hydrophobic Interactions -- 1.2.9 Depletion Interactions -- 1.3 Colloids -- 1.3.1 Interactions Between Colloidal Particles -- van der Waals Interaction -- Electrostatic Forces Between Surfaces -- 1.3.2 DLVO Theory of Colloid Stability -- 1.4 Surfactant Assemblies -- 1.4.1 Surface Tension and Surface Activity -- 1.4.2 Surfactant Aggregation and Hydrophobic Effect -- 1.4.3 Thermodynamics of Micelle Formation -- 1.4.4 Dynamics of Micelle Formation -- 1.4.5 Phase Behaviour of Surfactants -- 1.4.6 Packing Parameter and Bending Rigidity -- 1.5 Polymer Solutions -- 1.5.1 Introduction -- 1.5.2 Conformations of Polymer Chains -- 1.5.3 Size of a Freely Jointed Chain -- 1.5.4 Size of an Ideal Chain with Fixed Bond Angle -- 1.5.5 Flexibility of a Polymer Chain -- 1.5.6 Polymer Gels -- 1.5.7 Theories of Gelation -- Classical Theory or Flory-Stockmayer Model -- Percolation Theory -- 1.5.8 Polyelectrolytes and Counterion Condensation -- Counterion condensation -- 1.6 Experimental Techniques in Soft Matter -- 1.6.1 Scattering Techniques -- Light Scattering -- Static Light Scattering -- Dynamic Light Scattering -- Small-Angle Neutron Scattering -- Contrast Factor -- Determination of Intraparticle Structure -- Polydisperse Particles.

Guinier Approximation -- Porod Law -- Determination of Interparticle Structure Factor -- Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering -- 1.6.2 Microscopy -- Cryo-Transmission Electron Microscope -- 1.6.3 Rheology -- 1.7 Applications of Soft Matter -- 1.7.1 Stimuli Responsive Materials -- 1.7.2 Soft Materials in Drug Delivery -- 1.7.3 Nanotechnology Using Soft Materials -- 1.7.4 Oil Field Applications -- References -- 2 Conducting Polymer Sensors, Actuators and Field-Effect Transistors -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Synthesis of Conducting Polymers -- 2.2.1 Synthesis of Bulk and Fibre Polyindole -- 2.2.2 Synthesis of Crystalline Polyaniline -- 2.2.3 Films of Conducting Polymers -- 2.3 Conducting Polymer Gas Sensors -- 2.3.1 Configuration of Chemiresistor Sensors -- 2.3.2 Polycarbazole Langmuir-Blodgett Film-Based Sensors -- 2.3.3 Polyaniline Nanofibre Sensors -- 2.3.4 Composite Poly(3-hexylthiophene):ZnO-Nanowire-Based NO2 Sensors -- 2.3.5 Composite Polypyrrole:ZnO-Nanowire-Based Chlorine Sensor -- 2.4 Electrochemical Actuators -- 2.4.1 Fabrication of PPy-DBS/Au Free-standing Film -- 2.4.2 PPy-DBS/Au Free-standing Film as Actuator -- 2.5 Conducting Polymer FETs -- 2.5.1 Fabrication of Top-Contact FET -- 2.5.2 Characteristics of P3HT Active Layer -- 2.5.3 Transistor Characteristics of P3HT Active Layer -- 2.6 Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 Functional Magnetic Materials: Fundamental and Technological Aspects -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Magnetocaloric Effect -- 3.2.1 Fundamentals of Magnetic Cooling and Heating -- 3.2.2 Magnetic Transition and Magnetocaloric Effect -- 3.2.3 Relative Cooling Power -- 3.2.4 Magnetocaloric Materials -- 3.2.5 Challenges in Using GMCE Materials in Magnetic Refrigerators -- 3.3 Molecular Magnetic Materials -- 3.3.1 Purely Organic Molecular Magnets -- 3.3.2 Organic-Inorganic Molecular Magnets -- 3.3.3 Inorganic Molecular Magnets.

3.3.4 Molecular Magnetic Clusters -- 3.3.5 Functionalities in Molecular Magnets -- 3.3.6 Controlling the Magnetic Hardness by Co Substitution in the (CoxNi1-x)1.5[Fe(CN)6]·zH2O (x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1) PBAs -- 3.3.7 Implications of the Magnetic Pole Reversal Phenomenon in the Cu0.73Mn0.77[Fe(CN)6]·zH2O Molecular Magnetic Compound -- 3.3.8 Thickness- and Stoichiometry-Dependent Magnetic Properties of Electrochemically Prepared Crystalline Thin Films of PBAs KjFeIIk[CrIII(CN6]1.mH2O -- 3.4 Magnetic Nanoparticles -- 3.4.1 Spintronics Materials -- 3.4.2 Nanoparticles for High-Density Magnetic Recording -- 3.4.3 Possible Application in Radionuclide Separation -- 3.4.4 Scope in Biomedical Science -- 3.5 CMR Manganites -- 3.5.1 Study of Ionic Size Effect in Dy-Substituted La0.7Ca0.3MnO3 CMR Perovskite -- 3.6 Summary and Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 4 Multiferroic Materials -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Origin of Ferro- and Antiferromagnetism -- 4.3 Origin of Ferroelectricity -- 4.4 Mutually Exclusive Reason for Multiferroicity -- 4.5 Types of Multiferroic Material -- 4.6 Observation of Multiferroic Properties -- 4.7 Examples -- 4.7.1 Perovskite-Type Materials -- 4.7.2 Composites of Perovskites -- 4.7.3 Bismuth-Based Perovskites -- BiMnO3 -- BiFeO3 -- 4.8 Applications -- 4.9 Summary -- References -- 5 Spintronic Materials, Synthesis, Processing and Applications -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Ferromagnetic Semiconductors or Dilute Magnetic Semiconductors -- 5.3 Spintronics -- 5.3.1 Physics Aspects -- 5.4 Overview of some Major Spintronic Materials -- 5.4.1 (Ga,Mn)As -- 5.4.2 (Ga,Mn)N -- 5.5 Oxide Semiconductors -- 5.5.1 TiO2-Based DMS -- 5.5.2 SnO2-Based DMS -- 5.5.3 Co-doped ZnO -- 5.5.4 Mn-Doped ZnO -- 5.6 Material Synthesis, Processing and Characterization -- 5.6.1 Low-Temperature Solid-State Synthesis.

5.6.2 Sol-gel and Xerogel Pyrolysis -- 5.6.3 Gel-Combustion -- 5.6.4 Refluxing Method -- 5.6.5 PLD -- 5.6.6 Ink Formulation and Piezoelectric Drop on Demand (DOD) Inkjet Printing -- 5.7 Characterization -- 5.8 Recent Results -- 5.8.1 Bulk and Nanoparticles of Mn-based ZnO System -- 5.8.2 Nanoparticles of Co-Based ZnO System -- 5.8.3 Mn-Based ZnO Nanostructure -- 5.8.4 Mn-Based ZnO Films by PLD -- 5.8.5 Mn- or Co-Doped ZnO Film and Patterns Developed by Inkjet Printing -- 5.9 One-Dimensional Structures of ZnO-Based Materials -- 5.9.1 Co-Doped ZnO with Li Co-Doping -- 5.9.2 Ni-Doped ZnO with Li Co-Doping -- 5.9.3 Fe-Doped In2O3 Nanoparticles -- 5.10 Applications (Spintronic Devices) -- 5.10.1 GMR/Spin Valve -- 5.10.2 MTJs and MRAM -- 5.10.3 Spin-FET -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles: Concepts, Synthesis and Application in Cancer Hyperthermia -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Methods of Preparation of Nanoparticles -- 6.2.1 The Top-Down Approach -- High-Energy Particles -- Other Deposition Methods -- Ball-Milling Method -- Sonication -- 6.2.2 Bottom-Up Approach -- Metallic Magnetic Nanoparticles -- Ni Nanoparticles -- Co Nanoparticles -- CoNi Nanoparticles -- FePd Nanoparticles -- Metallic Non-Magnetic Nanoparticles -- Non-Conducting Magnetic Nanoparticles -- Non-Conducting Non-Magnetic Nanoparticles -- 6.3 Characterization of Magnetic Nanoparticles -- 6.3.1 Size and Crystallinity of Nanoparticles -- XRD -- DLS -- SANS -- TEM -- 6.3.2 Chemical Bonding -- 6.3.3 Magnetic Behaviour -- 6.3.4 Induction Heating -- 6.4 Magnetic Properties of Nanoparticles -- 6.4.1 Ni Nanoparticles -- 6.4.2 Co Nanoparticles -- 6.4.3 FePd Particles -- 6.4.4 CoNi Particles -- 6.4.5 Li-doped CoFe2O4 Particles -- 6.4.6 Fe3O4 Particles -- 6.5 Induction Heating Behaviour of Particles.

6.5.1 Fe3O4 Magnetic Nanoparticles Capped with OA and PEG (Semiconductor/Insulator Magnetic) -- 6.5.2 Ni Particles (Metallic Magnetic) -- 6.5.3 Ag, Pt, Au, Ti, Al Particles (Metallic Non-Magnetic) -- 6.6 Therapeutic Efficacy of Magnetic Nanoparticles in Human Cancer Cells -- 6.7 Future Perspectives -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 7 Functional Superconducting Materials -- 7.1 Background -- 7.2 Niobium Titanium (NbTi) -- 7.3 A15 Superconductors and Nb3Sn -- 7.4 Chevrel-Phase Superconductors -- 7.5 High-Tc Superconductors -- 7.5.1 BiSrCaCuO or BSCCO -- 7.5.2 YBCO Coated Conductors -- 7.6 MgB2 -- 7.7 Borocarbides -- 7.8 Iron Arsenide Superconductors -- 7.9 Conclusions -- References -- 8 Optical Materials: Fundamentals and Applications -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Origin of Different Types of Optical Material and their Applications -- 8.3 Optical Parameters -- 8.3.1 Refractive Index (n) -- 8.3.2 Absorption Coefficient (α) -- 8.3.3 Reflectivity and Transmissivity -- 8.3.4 Intensity of Light -- 8.3.5 Specular and Diffused Reflections -- 8.4 Optical Properties of Metals -- 8.5 Optical Properties of Insulators -- 8.5.1 Luminescent Lead Silicate Glasses Containing Alkali Oxides -- 8.5.2 Optical Properties of ZnO-P2O5 Glasses -- 8.5.3 Optical Properties of Lanthanide-Ion-Doped Glasses -- 8.6 Optical Properties of Nanomaterials -- 8.6.1 Metal Nanoparticles -- 8.6.2 Host Emissions from Nanomaterials -- 8.6.3 Luminescence from ZnGa2O4 Nanoparticles -- 8.6.4 Luminescence from Sb2O3 Nanorods -- 8.6.5 Optical Properties of Lanthanide-Ion-Doped Nanomaterials -- 8.7 Nonlinear Optical Materials -- 8.7.1 Z-Scan Technique -- 8.7.2 Evaluation of n2 Values -- 8.7.3 Evaluation of β Values -- 8.7.4 Examples of Nonlinear Optical Processes -- 8.7.4.1 Frequency Mixing Processes: Second-Harmonic Generation (SHG) -- 8.7.4.2 Third-Harmonic Generation (THG).

8.7.4.3 Sum/Difference Frequency Generation (SFG or DFG).