Pesticide Application Methods -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface to fourth edition -- Acknowledgements -- Conversion tables -- Pesticide calculation -- Units, abbreviations and symbols -- Chapter 1 Chemical control in integrated pest management -- Introduction -- Pesticides -- Integrated crop management -- Area-wide integrated pest management -- Resistance to pesticides -- Fungicide resistance -- Herbicide resistance -- Timing of spray application -- Economic thresholds -- Application sites and placement -- References -- Chapter 2 Targets for pesticide deposition -- Insect control -- Control strategy -- Type of pesticide -- Systemic chemicals -- Pest habitat -- Behaviour of the pest -- Using an attractant -- Disease control -- Weed control -- Collection of droplets on targets -- Spray coverage -- What volume of spray liquid is required? -- References -- Chapter 3 Formulation of pesticides -- Types of formulation -- Formulations for application as sprays -- Wettable powders (WP) -- Water-dispersible granules (WG) -- Suspension concentrates (SC) -- Emulsifiable concentrates (EC) -- Invert emulsions -- Encapsulated pesticides (CS) -- Ultra low-volume formulations -- Fog formulations -- Smokes -- Dry formulations -- Dust (DP) -- Granules -- Tablet formulation ( TB) -- Dry baits -- Fumigants -- Other formulations -- Pressure packs -- Banding materials -- Paints/gels -- Adjuvants -- Choice of formulation -- References -- Chapter 4 Spray droplets -- Importance of droplet size in pest management -- Movement of droplets -- Effect of gravity -- Effect of meteorological factors -- Effect of evaporation -- Droplet dispersal -- Spray distribution -- Determination of spray droplet size -- Light scattering -- Laser doppler droplet sampling -- Pulsed laser -- Other techniques -- References -- Chapter 5 Hydraulic nozzles -- Types of hydraulic nozzle.

Production of droplets -- Components of hydraulic nozzles -- Nozzle tips -- Intermittent operation of hydraulic nozzles -- Gaseous energy nozzle ('twin-fluid') -- Kinetic energy nozzle -- Checking the performance of hydraulic nozzles -- Calibration of flow rate -- Spray pattern -- Nozzle erosion -- References -- Chapter 6 Manually carried hydraulic sprayers -- Sprayers with hydraulic pumps -- Small hand-operated sprayers -- Stirrup pump -- Knapsack sprayers - lever operated -- Motorised hydraulic knapsack sprayers -- Compression sprayers -- Hand sprayers -- Shoulder-slung and knapsack compression sprayers -- Electrically operated compression sprayers -- Calibration of knapsack sprayers -- Disposable container dispenser -- Peristaltic pump -- References -- Chapter 7 Power-operated hydraulic sprayers -- Tractor-mounted sprayers -- Tank design -- Pumps -- Filtration -- Pressure control -- Spray booms -- Calibration of a tractor sprayer -- Swath matching -- Filling the sprayer -- Metered spraying -- Precision (patch) spraying -- Portable line sprayers -- Incorporating herbicides -- Animal-drawn sprayers -- References -- Chapter 8 Air-assisted sprayers -- Fans -- Pumps -- Motorised knapsack mistblowers -- Two-stroke engine -- Nozzle on mistblowers -- Assessment of knapsack mistblowers -- Using a knapsack mistblower -- Tractor-operated equipment -- Arable crop sprayers: 'downwardly directed air assistance on boom sprayers' -- Orchard sprayers -- References -- Chapter 9 Controlled droplet application -- Practical definitions of controlled droplet application -- Centrifugal-energy nozzle (e.g. spinning discs) -- Hand-carried, battery-operated spinning-disc sprayers -- Disc design -- Disc speed and power supply -- Control of flow rate -- Formulations for ultra low volume and very low volume spraying -- Packaging of formulations -- Spraying procedures.

Swath width and track spacing -- Incremental drift spraying -- Placement spraying -- Portable air-assisted spinning-disc sprayers -- Vehicle-mounted sprayers with centrifugal-energy nozzles -- Vehicle-mounted 'drift' sprayer -- Boom sprayers -- Shrouded rotary atomisers -- Air-assisted sprayers -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10 Electrostatically charged sprays -- Induction charging -- Ionised field charging -- Direct contact charging -- Electrostatically charged nozzles -- Induction charging nozzles -- Ionised field charging nozzles -- Electrodynamic nozzles -- Deposition studies -- Nozzle effect -- Space-charge field effect -- Induced image-charge field effect -- Factors affecting deposition -- Pointed leaves -- Evaporation -- Air-assisted spraying -- Commercial development of electrostatic spraying -- References -- Chapter 11 Aerial application -- Types of aircraft -- Spray gear -- Spray tank or hopper -- Pump -- Spray boom -- Spray nozzles -- Aerial application of dry materials -- Flight planning -- Aircraft flying height -- Flagging -- Track separation (swath width) -- Track guidance -- Logistics -- Flight pattern -- Airstrips -- Aircraft operations -- Aircraft regulations -- Chapter 12 Spray drift -- Forms of spray drift -- Processes that lead to spray drift -- Methods of measuring spray drift -- Sampling sedimenting drift -- Sampling air-borne spray -- Drift measurement protocols -- Computer simulation models -- Factors influencing the risk of drift -- Spray nozzle design and performance -- Nozzle to target distance (boom height for field crop sprayers) -- Atmospheric variables -- Properties of the spray liquid -- The effect of sprayer speed -- Strategies for spray drift management -- The use of buffer zones -- The use of engineering controls -- References -- Chapter 13 Seed treatment, dust and granule application -- Seed treatment.

Dust and granule application -- Features of dust and granule applicators -- Hopper design (Figure 13.2) -- Metering system -- Dusters -- Blower unit -- Delivery system -- Examples of equipment -- Package applicators -- Hand-operated dusters -- Hand-carried granule applicators -- Shoulder-slung applicator -- Knapsack dusters and granule applicators -- Tractor and vehicle-mounted granule applicators -- References -- Chapter 14 Space treatment by fogging -- Thermal fogging machines -- Pulsejet -- Engine exhaust fog generator -- Large thermal fog generators -- Cold foggers -- Other fogging machines -- References -- Chapter 15 Specialist application techniques (injection, fumigation and other techniques) -- Chemigation -- Other dispensers into water -- Weedwipers: rope wick applicator -- Soil injection -- Tree injection -- Fumigation -- Soil fumigation -- Fumigation of stored produce -- References -- Chapter 16 Application of biopesticides -- Bacillus thuringiensis -- Spray tank mixtures of microbial control agents -- Formulation: part of the 'delivery system' -- Application equipment and microbial control agent delivery: the importance of numbers -- Biopesticide application to forests -- Application of Metarhizium acridum to locusts and other spray examples -- Other application techniques -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 17 Maintenance of equipment -- Cleaning sprayers -- Problems with the spray system -- Nozzle or restrictor blockage -- Inefficient pumps -- Leaks -- Problems with motorised equipment: two-stroke engines -- Fault finding -- Maintenance in the field -- Storage of equipment -- References -- Chapter 18 Safety precautions -- Classification of pesticides -- Protective clothing -- Symptoms of poisoning -- First aid -- Combination of chemicals -- Pesticide packaging and labelling -- Container and washings disposal -- Noise -- Code of conduct.

References -- Chapter 19 Equipment for laboratory and field trials -- Laboratory evaluation -- Topical tests -- Techniques of spraying surfaces -- Spray chambers -- Field trials -- Spraying equipment -- Mechanised plot sprayers -- Granule application -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 20 Selection of application equipment for chemical and biological pesticides -- Environmental factors -- Operational safety factors -- Tractor sprayers -- Knapsack and manually carried sprayers -- Aerial application -- General factors -- References -- Appendix Standards relating to pesticide application -- Index -- Supplementary Images.