THE PRAGMATIC PERSPECTIVE -- Editorial page -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Table of contents -- PREFACE -- LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS -- PART I. INTRODUCTION -- 1. THE PRAGMATIC PERSPECTIVE -- NOTES -- 2. FOUR DIMENSIONS OF LANGUAGE USE* -- 1. The bipersonal dimension -- 2. The audience dimension -- 3. The layered dimension -- 4. The temporal dimension -- 5. Coordination of action -- 6. Conclusions -- NOTE -- PART II. THE BIPERSONAL DIMENSION -- INTRODUCTION -- 3. CONTEXTUAL EXPLOITATION OF INTERPRETATION CLUES IN TEXT UNDERSTANDING: AN INTEGRATED MODEL -- 1. Sample cases -- 2. Contextual clues -- 3. Towards the analysis of a journalistic text -- 4. Clues, cues, and interpretation -- NOTES -- 4. CROSS-CULTURAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL SOURCES OF PRAGMATIC GENERALIZATIONS* -- 1. Pragmatic generalizations -- 2. Speech act theory -- 3. Production of requests -- 4. Brevity and solidarity -- 5. Conclusion -- NOTES -- 5. MINIMIZATION AND CONVERSATIONAL INFERENCE1 -- Minimization: A cross-cutting theme -- 1. An anomaly in the Gricean programme and its solution: Informativeness in a Neo-Gricean framework -- 2. Principles of minimization in conversation analysis -- 3. Syntax and minimization -- 4. Minimization in Guugu Yimidhirr -- 5. Conclusions -- NOTES -- 6. REFERENCE TO PERSONS IN CONVERSATION -- 1. Use of descriptions and conversational principles -- 2. Distributional analysis and construction of reference -- 3. The interaction of preferences -- NOTES -- 7. AVOIDING PERSONAL REFERENCE IN FINNISH -- 1. Some syntactic facts about Finnish -- 2. The passive in dialogue -- 3. Generic forms in dialogue -- 4. Summary and conclusion -- NOTES -- 8. IMPLICIT INVOLVEMENT IN INTERACTIVE WRITING -- 1. Implicitness -- 2. Involvement -- 3. Interactive writing -- 4. The experiment -- 5. Conclusion -- NOTES -- 9. PRAGMATIC FORMATIVES -- 1. Primary pragmatic formatives.

2. Commentary pragmatic formatives -- 3. Parallel pragmatic formatives -- 4. Conclusion -- NOTES -- 10. COMPLAINTS: A STUDY OF SPEECH ACT BEHAVIOR AMONG NATIVE AND NONNATIVE SPEAKERS OF HEBREW -- 1. The study -- 2. Data analysis -- 3. Findings -- 4. Conclusions -- PART III. THE AUDIENCE DIMENSION -- INTRODUCTION -- 11. CONTEXT-DISCOURSE MATCHING IN BABY TALK -- 1. Determinants of Baby Talk -- 2. Experimental design -- 3. Mother-father comparison -- 4. The role of context -- 5. Conclusion -- NOTE -- 12. TOWARDS A PRAGMATIC APPROACH TO MODALITY: THE CASE OF PERMISSIVE CAN AND MAY* -- 1. Differences in distribution between can and may -- 2. The performative/constative analysis of may and can -- 3. The explanatory power of the performative/constative analysis -- 4. Conclusion -- NOTES -- 13. COMMUNICATION: BEYOND THE COGNITIVE APPROACH AND SPEECH ACT THEORY -- 1. Cognition, speech acts, and goal analysis -- 2. A cognitive approach to the study of mind -- 3. From speech act theory to a theory of acts -- 4. Distortions in going from language to action -- 5. 'Intention' (goal) vs. 'function': Two types of communication -- 6. Doing vs. knowing -- 14. PRAGMATIC FACTORS AND STRATEGIES IN DISCOURSE PRODUCTION -- 1. Strategic production of discourse -- 2. Strategies in context -- 3. Concluding remarks -- 15. THE PRAGMATICS OF ARGUMENTATION -- 1. Basic concepts of argumentation theory -- 2. The 'pragmasyntactic' aspect of argumentation -- 3. The 'pragmasemantic' aspect of argumentation -- 4. Concluding remarks -- PART IV. THE LAYERED DIMENSION -- INTRODUCTION -- 16. A THEORY OF IRONY AND A CHINOOKAN PATTERN OF VERBAL EXCHANGE1 -- 1. The American Indian situation -- 2. A theory of irony -- 3. A Chinookan pattern -- 4. Epilogue -- NOTES -- 17. INTRODUCTIONS OF STORY CHARACTERS IN INTERACTIVE AND NON-INTERACTIVE NARRATION* -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Procedure.

3. Modes of character introduction -- 4. Discourse-functional considerations -- 5. Distribution of the three modes of character introduction -- 6. Descriptive elaboration -- 7. Conclusions -- NOTES -- 18. MAKING ARRANGEMENTS: FIVE-PART PROPOSAL-ACCEPTANCE SEQUENCES IN DUTCH TELEPHONE CONVERSATIONS -- 1. Adjacency pairs -- 2. Five-part proposal-acceptance sequence -- 3. Proposal-acceptance -- 4. On the execution of the proposed action -- 5. Making an arrangement -- NOTES -- TRANSCRIPTION CONVENTIONS -- 19. MODELS IN DESCRIPTIVE MEANING INTERPRETATION -- 1. The basic notions of a semiotic text theory -- 2. Some aspects of the descriptive meaning interpretation demonstrated on the interpretation of a poem -- 3. Concluding remarks -- NOTES -- 20. SILENT SPEECH ACTS AND THEIR COGNITIVE EFFECTS -- PART V. THE TEMPORAL DIMENSION -- INTRODUCTION -- 21. PRAGMATICS AND INTONATION -- 1. The Norwegian intonation system -- 2. IP chunks and information structure -- 3. IU structure and scope of negation -- 4. Intonation and semantic focus6 -- 5. Summing up -- NOTES -- 22. PRAGMATIC AS AGAINST GRAMMATICAL FACTORS IN THE DETERMINATION OF ACCENT PLACEMENT -- 1. Focussing vs. grammatical factors -- 2. Integration -- 3. 'Excentric' and 'concentric' integration -- 4. Relative clauses and prepositional phrases -- 5. Attributive adjectives -- 6. Complements and adjuncts -- 7. Subject plus predicate -- 8. Summary -- NOTES -- 23. TEMPORAL EXPRESSIONS IN KOREAN -- 1. Korean temporal expressions -- 2. Tense in complex clauses -- 3. Conclusion -- NOTES -- 24. STABILITY AND CHANCE IN VN/NV ALTERNATING LANGUAGES: A STUDY IN PRAGMATICS AND LINGUISTIC TYPOLOGY -- 1. Introduction: Universals and typology -- 2. The VSO/SVO/SOV typology: Some general remarks -- 3. Grammatical/pragmatic concepts -- 4. Malay -- 5. Early Germanic -- NOTE -- 25. CONVERSATIONAL RELEVANCE.

1. Grice's theory -- 2. Relevance: A many-faceted problem -- NOTES -- 26. THE PRAGMATIC MOTIVATION OF SYNTACTIC AND SEMANTIC PERSPECTIVE -- 1. The notion perspective -- 2. Primary perspective: A function of passivization -- 3. Secondary perspective -- 4. Lexical alternatives -- 5. Conclusion -- NOTES -- 27. ASPECTS OF THE INTERACTION OF SYNTAXAND PRAGMATICS: DISCOURSE COREFERENCE MECHANISMS AND THE TYPOLOGY OF GRAMMATICAL SYSTEMS -- 1. Introduction1 -- 2. Discourse coreference mechanisms -- 3. The typology of grammatical systems -- NOTES -- 28. THE PRAGMATICS OF INDIRECT ANAPHORS* -- 1. Indirect anaphora -- 2. The form of the indirect anaphor -- 3. Semantico-pragmatic restrictions -- 4. Summary -- 5. Conditions of use -- 6. Anaphoric interpretations -- 7. Conclusion -- NOTES -- 29. COMMUNICATIVE REFERENCE WITH PRONOUNS* -- 1. An inferential theory of communicative reference -- 2. A modular-inferential theory of pronouns -- 3. Three paradoxes for binding theory -- 4. Conclusion -- NOTES -- 30. PROCESSING CONNECTIVES AND THE PRAGMATICS OF DISCOURSE -- 1. How connectives affect memory -- 2. What is the meaning of "but"? -- 3. Is "if" really polysemous? -- 4. Concluding remarks -- NOTES -- 31. COHESION IN HOPI NARRATIVE -- 1. Thematic and information structure -- 2. Structure in other Hopi narratives -- 32. TEXT UNDERSTANDING AND LEXICAL KNOWLEDGE -- The reconstruction of procedures as a means of studying linguistic knowledge -- 1. Current claims and assumptions about text understanding -- 2. Lexical knowledge -- 3. A hypothesis on the organization of lexical knowledge, from the point of view of text understanding processes -- 4. A sample analysis -- 5. A program for linguistic research on lexical knowledge and text understanding -- 6. A final remark: Text understanding and pragmatics -- NOTES -- 33. TURNS AT WRITING: THE ORGANIZATION OF CORRESPONDENCE.

1. Introduction -- 2. The turn-taking organization of personal correspondence -- 3. Conclusions -- NOTES -- 34. PSYCHOLOGICAL OR COMMUNICATIVE REALITY: ON THE SPEAKER'S POINT OF VIEW* -- 1. Functional grammar -- 2. The perceptual cycles model -- 3. Functional grammar and the perceptual cycles model -- 4. Summary -- NOTES -- 35. WHERE IS THE MEANING OF VERBAL DISCOURSE? -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Cognitive psychology: Some common theoretical positions and methodological approaches -- 3. Early empirical studies -- 4. Hypotheses about the nature of memory for 'surface structure' -- 5. A shift to a new data domain -- 6. Recognition and recall studies -- NOTE -- PART VI. FOUNDATIONS AND APPLICATIONS -- INTRODUCTION -- 36. THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN PRAGMATICS AND SEMANTICS -- 37. SEMANTICS, PRAGMATICS, AND TEXT SEMIOTICS -- 1. Objects and dimensions -- 2. Semantics inarching towards pragmatics -- 3. Names, things and actions: A new version of an old myth -- 38. PRAGMATICS AND COGNITION: ON EXPLAINING LANGUAGE -- 1. The goals of pragmatics -- 2. Explaining language ontologically -- 3. Epistemological explanations -- 4. Pragmatics -- 5. Conclusion -- 39. PRAGMATICS AND WITTGENSTEIN: OSTENSIVE AND NON-DESCRIPTIVE DEFINITION* -- 1. Non-descriptive definition -- 2. Preliminary remarks on Wittgenstein and ostensive definition -- 3. Two analyses of ostensive definition -- 4. Implications of the two analyses -- NOTES -- 40. PRAGMATICS AND LANGUAGE REHABILITATION -- 1. Historical notes -- 2. Rehabilitation and linguistics -- 3. The contribution of pragmatics -- 4. Language as action -- 5. Information structure -- 6. Context -- 7. Conclusion -- REFERENCES -- INDEX OF NAMES -- The series Pragmatics & Beyond Companion Series.