Extrusion Processing Technology Foodand Non-Food Biomaterials -- Copyright -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- 1 Generic Extrusion Processes -- 1.1 A history of extrusion processing technology -- 1.1.1 The introduction of screw extruders -- 1.1.2 The generic extrusion process concept -- 1.1.3 Extrusion technology in the polymer-processing industry -- 1.1.4 Extrusion technology in the food- and feed-processing industry -- 1.1.5 Extrusion technology in the paper-milling industry -- 1.2 Factors driving the development of extrusion processing technology -- 1.2.1 Process productivity -- 1.2.2 Product innovation and functionality -- 1.2.3 Environmentally friendly processing -- 1.3 The industrial and economic importance of extrusion processing technology -- 1.3.1 In the polymer and plastics industry -- 1.3.2 In the food and feed industry -- 1.3.3 In the paper milling industry -- 1.4 Contents and structure of the book -- References -- 2 Extrusion Equipment -- 2.1 Extruders -- 2.1.1 The kinematics of extruders -- 2.1.2 The screw-barrel assembly -- 2.1.3 The die assembly -- 2.1.4 The central operating cabinet -- 2.2 Extruder screw-barrel configurations -- 2.2.1 Single screw extruders -- 2.2.2 Intermeshing co-rotating twin screw extruders -- 2.2.3 Screw-barrel configuration and wear -- 2.3 Ancillary equipment -- 2.3.1 Upstream ancillary equipment -- 2.3.2 On-line ancillary equipment -- 2.3.3 Downstream ancillary equipment -- References -- 3 Extrusion Engineering -- 3.1 Thermomechanical processing in screw extruders -- 3.1.1 Process configuration of single screw extruders -- 3.1.2 Process configuration of intermeshing co-rotating twin screw extruders -- 3.1.3 Processing specificities -- 3.2 Thermomechanical flow in screw extruders -- 3.2.1 Modeling approaches -- 3.2.2 Solids conveying section.

3.2.3 Melt conveying section -- 3.2.4 Single screw extrusion versus twin screw extrusion -- 3.3 Thermomechanical extrusion processing: numerical methods -- 3.3.1 Single screw extrusion -- 3.3.2 Twin screw extrusion -- 3.3.3 Commercial software -- References -- 4 The Generic Extrusion Process I: Thermomechanical Plasticating of Polymers and Polymer Melt Forming -- 4.1 The bio-based polymers and bio-based plastics -- 4.1.1 Definitions -- 4.1.2 Macromolecular characteristics of bio-based polymers -- 4.2 Melting mechanism of polymer materials in screw extruders -- 4.2.1 Melting mechanism in single screw extruders: qualitative description -- 4.2.2 Engineering analysis of polymer melting in single screw extruders -- 4.2.3 Melting mechanism in intermeshing co-rotating twin screw extruders -- 4.2.4 Polymer melting: single screw extrusion versus twin screw extrusion -- 4.3 Physical transitions of bio-based polymers -- 4.3.1 Physical transitions of polymeric materials: generalities -- 4.3.2 Glass and melting transitions: basics -- 4.3.3 Glass and melting transitions of bio-based polymers -- 4.4 Flow properties of bio-based polymer melts -- 4.4.1 Flow behavior: basics -- 4.4.2 Measurement of flow properties of polymer melts -- 4.4.3 Rheological characteristics of bio-based polymer melts -- 4.5 Case studies: emerging applications -- 4.5.1 Melting of polyamide-11 in a single screw extruder: exercise -- 4.5.2 Extrusion processing of biodegradable starch-based loose-fill packaging foams -- 4.5.3 Extrusion compounding of flax fiber-reinforced thermoplastics -- References -- 5 The Generic Extrusion Process II: Thermomechanical Micromixing and Reactive Extrusion -- 5.1 Reactive extrusion: qualitative description -- 5.1.1 Bulk polymerization -- 5.1.2 Reactive processing of polymers. Reactive plastics reprocessing.

5.1.3 Reactive extrusion in classic organic chemistry -- 5.1.4 Reactive solid-liquid extrusion-pressing -- 5.1.5 Processing characteristics of reactive extrusion -- 5.2 Reactive extrusion: chemical reaction engineering approach -- 5.2.1 The continuous plug flow reactor -- 5.2.2 Mixing in screw extruder-reactors -- 5.2.3 Heat transfer mechanisms in extruder-reactors -- 5.2.4 Coupling of transport phenomena and chemical reactions -- 5.2.5 Basic principles of process engineering in reactive extrusion -- 5.3 Reactive extrusion applications and processing lines -- 5.3.1 The classes of chemical reactions in reactive extrusion -- 5.3.2 Case study 1: casein-to-caseinate extrusion processing -- 5.3.3 Case study 2: extrusion pulping of non-wood fibers -- 5.3.4 Case study 3: enzymatic hydrolysis of starch -- References -- 6 The Generic Extrusion Process III: Thermomechanical Cooking and Food Product Texturization -- 6.1 Food extrusion-cooking: qualitative description -- 6.1.1 Thermomechanical cooking of biopolymer-based systems -- 6.1.2 Texturization of extrusion-cooked melts -- 6.2 Engineering analysis of process functions -- 6.2.1 Preconditioning -- 6.2.2 Extrusion-cooking -- 6.2.3 Steam-induced die texturization -- 6.3 Examples of industrial applications: food extrusion processing lines -- 6.3.1 Breakfast cereals extrusion processing -- 6.3.2 Aquafeed extrusion-cooking process -- 6.3.3 High-moisture extrusion-cooking process -- References -- 7 Quality Analysis of Extrusion- Textured Food Products -- 7.1 Methods of thermomechanical cooking analysis -- 7.1.1 Optical microscopy for birefringence analysis -- 7.1.2 Water solubility (WSI) and absorption (WAI) indices -- 7.1.3 Alkaline viscosity -- 7.1.4 Differential scanning calorimetry -- 7.1.5 Rapid Visco Analyzer -- 7.2 Methods of characterizing extrudate texture.

7.2.1 Measurement of product density -- 7.2.2 Measurement of structural characteristics -- 7.2.3 Measurement of mechanical characteristics -- 7.2.4 Physical texture of directly expanded extrudates -- 7.3 Case study: texture monitoring of directly expanded extrudates -- 7.3.1 Main features of process-product relationships -- 7.3.2 Methodology for texture monitoring -- 7.3.3 Master correlations between sensory attributes and puncture parameter -- References -- 8 The Generic Extrusion Process IV: Thermomechanical Pretreatment and Solid-Liquid Separation -- 8.1 The fourth Generic Extrusion Process: continuous mechanical expression -- 8.2 Engineering analysis of thermomechanical expression -- 8.2.1 Structure of cellular biological materials -- 8.2.2 Introduction of the nomenclature -- 8.2.3 General description of the filtration and consolidation processes -- 8.2.4 Rheological properties of cellular biological materials and their characterization -- 8.3 Process modeling -- 8.3.1 The fluid mechanics of the process and determination of relevant parameters -- 8.3.2 Effects of material properties on the process yield -- 8.3.3 Effects of processing conditions and screw geometry on pressure build-up and liquid expression -- 8.4 Case studies: examples of industrial applications -- 8.4.1 Continuous screw extrusion-pressing of copra, a hard cellular material -- 8.4.2 Continuous screw extrusion-pressing of groundnuts/peanuts, a soft cellular material -- 8.4.3 Soybean processing -- 8.4.4 Feed pretreatments -- References -- 9 The Generic Extrusion Process V: Thermophysical Micromixing and Material Porosification -- 9.1 The new generic extrusion-porosification process -- 9.1.1 Typical drying processes for instant powders -- 9.1.2 Main drivers of instant powder drying -- 9.1.3 The extrusion-porosification process.

9.2 Engineering discussion of process functions -- 9.2.1 Vacuum evaporation -- 9.2.2 Twin screw extrusion-aeration -- 9.2.3 Intensified spray drying -- 9.3 Perspectives on industrial applications -- 9.3.1 Range of applications -- 9.3.2 Case study: extrusion-porosification of dairy products -- References -- 10 Extrusion Technology and Process Intensification -- 10.1 From sustainable development to process intensification -- 10.1.1 The IPAT equation -- 10.1.2 Sustainable development -- 10.1.3 Sustainable technology -- 10.1.4 Concept of process intensification -- 10.2 Process intensification in extrusion processing technology -- 10.2.1 Characteristic times of process phenomena -- 10.2.2 Process-intensifying methods in extrusion -- 10.2.3 Sustainability of extrusion processing technology -- 10.3 Case studies: exercises -- 10.3.1 Exercise 1: Residence time distribution -- 10.3.2 Exercise 2: Polymer melt coupling in reactive extrusion -- 10.3.3 Exercise 3: Weighted average total strain -- 10.3.4 Exercise 4: Energy saving in extrusion-cooking -- 10.3.5 Exercise 5: Water saving in solid-liquid extrusion-pressing -- 10.4 Conclusion: future trends -- References -- Index -- Supplemental Images.