Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Notes on Contributors -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- 1. Clusters, Networks, and Innovation: Research Results and New Directions -- 1.1 Clusters and Innovation: The Main Conceptual Traditions -- 1.2 The Main Themes: A Guide to This Volume -- 1.3 Some Broad Lessons and New Research Directions on Clusters, Networks, and Innovation -- References -- Part I -- 2. Network models of innovation and knowledge diffusion -- Introduction -- 2.1 Knowledge Distribution -- 2.2 Behind the Current Interest in Networks -- 2.3 The Economics of Networks -- 2.4 Small Worlds and Innovation -- 2.5 Network Formation -- 2.6 Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- 3. On Sectoral Specificities in the Geography of Corporate Location -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The Interactions Between Geographical and Industrial Characteristics as Drivers of Agglomeration and Dispersion: The General Picture -- 3.3 The Model -- 3.4 Agglomeration Economies and Industrial Sectors: An Application to Italian Data -- 3.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- Notes -- References -- Appendices -- 4. Regional Knowledge Capabilities and Open Innovation: Regional Innovation Systems and Clusters in the Asymmetric Knowledge Economy -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Lineaments of Regional Systems - Thinking about Innovation -- 4.3 The Conceptual System and the Real system -- 4.4 Regional knowledge Capabilities, Asymmetric Knowledge and Open Innovation: New Challenges for Regional Innovation Systems and Clusters -- 4.5 Problems with Public Regional Innovation Systems -- 4.6 Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- Part II -- 5. 'Old Economy' Inputs for 'New Economy' Outcomes: Cluster Formation in the New Silicon Valleys -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Agglomeration Economies and External Effects -- 5.3 Starting a Cluster -- 5.4 No 'Recipes' but Some Deep Regularities.

5.5 Co-operation vs. Competition among Clusters in the World Economy -- 5.6 Policy Issues and Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- Notes -- References -- 6. The Entrepreneurial Event Revisited: Firm Formation in a Regional Context -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Entrepreneurial Environments -- 6.3 Entrepreneurship Comes to Washington: An Interpretative History -- 6.4 Supportive Conditions Follow -- 6.5 Reflective Conclusions and Appreciative Theorizing -- Acknowledgements -- Notes -- References -- 7. The Firms That Feed Industrial Districts: A Return to The Italian Source -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 What is an Industrial District? -- 7.3 Origins of Industrial Districts -- 7.4 Small Firms -- 7.5 The Boundaries of the District -- 7.6 The Cultural Homogeneity of the District -- 7.7 Community and Co-operation -- 7.8 Local and Distant Networks -- 7.9 Confronting Crisis in an Iindustrial District: The Case of Prato -- 7.10 Governance Mechanisms -- 7.11 Discussion -- Notes -- References -- 8. Employee Start-Ups in High-Tech Industries -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Theoretical Perspectives -- 8.3 The Evidence -- 8.4 Interpretations and Implications -- 8.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- Notes -- References -- Part III -- 9. The Silicon Valley-Hsinchu Connection: Technical Communities and Industrial Upgrading -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Technical Communities and Industrial Decentralization -- 9.3 The Construction of a Taiwanese Technical Community in Silicon Valley -- 9.4 Institutionalizing the Silicon Valley-Hsinchu Connection -- 9.5 Cross-Regional Collaborations and Industrial Upgrading -- 9.6 Concluding Comments -- Acknowledgement -- Notes -- References -- Appendix. The Silicon Valley-Hsinchu Technical Community -- 10. The Institutional Embeddedness of High-Tech Regions: Relational Foundations of the Boston Biotechnology Community -- 10.1 Introduction.

10.2 Tracing Technology Networks -- 10.3 Visualizations of the Networks -- 10.4 Comparisons Across Networks -- 10.5 Implications for High-Tech Regions -- Notes -- References -- Appendix I: Abbreviations of Names in Network Images -- 11. Social Networks and the Persistence of Clusters: Evidence from the Computer Workstation Industry -- 11.1 Social Networks and Industrial Geography -- 11.2 Computer Workstation Manufacturers -- 11.3 Discussion -- References -- Part IV -- 12. Buzz: Face-to-Face Contact and the Urban Economy -- 12.1 Face-to-Face Contact Remains Important -- 12.2 The Specific Properties of Face-to-Face Contact -- 12.3 Why People Engage in F2F contact: Two Models -- 12.4 F2F, Buzz, and the Co-ordination of Economic Activities -- 12.5 The Future of F2F Contact and Co-location -- Acknowledgements -- Notes -- References -- Appendix 12.1 -- Appendix 12.2 -- 13. The Geography of Knowledge Spillovers: Conceptual Issues and Measurement Problems -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Knowledge Spillovers: Logical Shortcomings and Empirical Traps -- 13.3 Tacitness Reconsidered: How Knowledge may Flow, and yet not Spill Over -- 13.4 Direct Measurement of Knowledge Flows -- 13.5 Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- 14. Comparative Localization of Academic and Industrial Spillovers -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Review of the Localization Literature -- 14.3 Description of the Data -- 14.4 Descriptive Findings on Localization -- 14.5 Localized Learning and Innovation -- 14.6 Discussion and Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- Notes -- References -- Part V -- 15. Towards a Knowledge-Based Theory of the Geographical Cluster -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 The Existence of the Cluster -- 15.3 The Horizontal Dimension of the Cluster -- 15.4 The Vertical Dimension of the Cluster -- 15.5 The Boundaries of the Cluster -- 15.6 Public Policy Options -- 15.7 Final Comments.

Notes -- References -- 16. Deconstructing Clusters: Chaotic Concept or Policy Panacea? -- 16.1 Introduction: Clusters and the Reassertion of Location -- 16.2 Why 'Clusters'? -- 16.3 A Chaotic Concept? -- 16.4 What Sort of Theory for What Sort of Cluster? -- 16.5 Selective Empirics and the Cluster-Creation Game -- 16.6 Cluster Policy: Hard Targets or Fashion Labels? -- 16.7 Conclusions: The Cluster Brand? -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- X -- Y -- Z.