Modeling Indoor Air Pollution.
Başlık:
Modeling Indoor Air Pollution.
Yazar:
Pepper, Darrell W.
ISBN:
9781848163256
Yazar Ek Girişi:
Fiziksel Tanımlama:
1 online resource (361 pages)
İçerik:
Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Preface -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 What is Indoor Air Pollution -- 1.2 Ventilation Systems -- 1.3 Exposure Risks -- 1.4 Numerical Modeling of Indoor Air Flow. -- 1.5 Comments -- 2. Fluid Flow Fundamentals -- 2.1 Conservation Equations -- 2.2 Ideal Fluids -- 2.2.1 Conformal mapping. -- 2.2.2 Schwarz-Christoffel transform. -- 2.2.3 Numerical mapping. -- 2.2.4 Superposition for stream functions. -- 2.3 Turbulence. -- 2.4 Species Transport. -- 2.5 Comments -- 3. Contaminant Sources -- 3.1 Types of Contaminants -- 3.2 Units -- 3.3 Materials -- 3.4 Typical Operations. -- 3.5 The Diffusion Equation. -- 3.6 Diffusion in Air -- 3.7 Evaporation of Droplets -- 3.8 Resuspension of Particulate -- 3.9 Coagulation of Particulate -- 3.10 Comments -- 4. Assessment Criteria -- 4.1 Exposure -- 4.2 Economics -- 4.3 Comments -- 5. Simple Modeling Techniques -- 5.1 Analytical Tools -- 5.2 Advection Model -- 5.3 Box Model. -- 5.4 Comments -- 6. Dynamics of Particles, Gases and Vapors -- 6.1 Drag, Shape, and Size of Particles -- 6.2 Particle Motion. -- 6.2.1 Deposition of particulate with aerodynamic diameters > 1μ by settling -- 6.2.2 Particle motion in electrostatic field. -- 6.2.3 Particle motion induced by temperature gradients. -- 6.2.4 Thermophoretic motion for gases and particles with diameter less than the molecular mean free path -- 6.2.5 Thermophoretic transport for particles with diameter greater than the molecular mean free path -- 6.3 Particle Flow in Inlets and Flanges. -- 6.4 Comments -- 7. Numerical Modeling - Conventional Techniques -- 7.1 Finite Difference Method -- 7.1.1 Explicit -- 7.1.2 Implicit -- 7.1.3 Upwinding. -- 7.2 Finite Volume Method -- 7.2.1 FDM. -- 7.2.2 FVM. -- 7.3 The Finite Element Method -- 7.3.1 One-dimensional elements. -- 7.3.1.1 Linear element -- 7.3.1.2 Quadratic and higher order elements.
7.3.2 Two-dimensional elements -- 7.3.2.1 Triangular elements -- 7.3.2.2 Quadrilateral elements. -- 7.3.2.3 Isoparametric elements -- 7.3.3 Three-dimensional elements -- 7.3.4 Quadrature. -- 7.3.5 Time dependence. -- 7.3.6 Petrov-Galerkin method. -- 7.3.7 Mesh generation. -- 7.3.8 Bandwidth. -- 7.3.9 Adaptation. -- 7.3.9.1 Element subdivision. -- 7.4 Further CFD Examples -- 7.5 Model Verification and Validation -- 7.6 Comments -- 8. Numerical Modeling - Advanced Techniques -- 8.1 Boundary Element Method. -- 8.2 Lagrangian Particle Technique -- 8.3 Particle-in-cell. -- 8.4 Meshless Method -- 8.4.1 Application of meshless methods -- 8.4.1.1 Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) techniques including Kernel Particle Methods (RKPM), and general kernel reproduction methods (GKR) -- 8.4.1.2 Meshless Petrov-Galerkin (MLPG) methods including moving least squares (MLS), point interpolation methods (PIM), and hp-clouds. -- 8.4.1.3 Local radial point interpolation methods (LRPIM) using finite difference representations -- 8.4.1.4 Radial basis functions (RBFs) -- 8.4.2 Example cases - Heat Transfer -- 8.4.2.1 Heat transfer in a 2-D plate. -- 8.4.2.2 Singular point in a 2-D domain -- 8.4.2.3 Heat transfer within an irregular domain -- 8.4.2.4 Natural Convection -- 8.5 Molecular Modeling -- 8.6 Boundary Conditions for Mass Transport Analysis. -- 8.7 Comments -- 9. Turbulence Modeling -- 9.1 Brief History of Turbulence Formulation -- 9.2 Physical Model -- 9.2.1 Turbulent flow -- 9.2.2 Two-equation turbulence closure models -- 9.2.2.1 Two-equation k-ε -- 9.2.2.2 Two-equation k-w -- 9.2.3 Large Eddy Simulation (LES). -- 9.2.4 Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) -- 9.2.5 Turbulent transport of energy or enthalpy. -- 9.2.6 Derivation of enthalpy transport -- 9.2.7 Turbulent energy transport. -- 9.2.8 Turbulent transport species -- 9.2.9 Coupled fluid-thermal flow.
9.3 Numerical Modeling -- 9.3.1 Projection algorithm -- 9.3.2 Finite volume approach -- 9.3.3 Finite element approach -- 9.3.3.1 Weak forms of the governing equations. -- 9.3.3.2 Matrix equations. -- 9.3.3.3 Time advancement of the explicit/implicit matrix equations -- 9.3.3.4 Mass lumping -- 9.3.3.5 General numerical solution. -- 9.4 Stability and Time Dependent Solution -- 9.5 Boundary Conditions. -- 9.5.1 Boundary conditions for velocity under decomposition -- 9.5.1.1 Viscous boundary condition for velocity -- 9.5.2 Boundary conditions for pressure and velocity correction. -- 9.5.3 Boundary conditions for turbulent kinetic energy and specific dissipation rate -- 9.5.4 Boundary conditions for thermal and species transport -- 9.5.5 Thermal and species flux calculation in the presence of Dirichlet boundaries -- 9.6 Validation of Turbulence Models -- 9.7 Comments -- 10. Homeland Security Issues -- 10.1 Introduction. -- 10.2 Potential Hazards -- 10.2.1 Prevention and protection. -- 10.3 A Simple Model -- 10.3.1 Example - analytical model of anthrax dispersion: -- 10.3.2 Example - numerical model of anthrax dispersion: -- 10.4 Other Indoor Air Quality Models -- 10.4.1 CONTAM 2.4 (NIST). -- 10.4.2 I-BEAM (EPA) -- 10.4.3 COMIS-MIAQ (APTG-LBNL) -- 10.4.4 FLOVENT (Flomerics, Inc.) -- 10.5 Comments -- Appendix A Diffusion Coefficients in Gas -- Appendix B 2-D Office Simulations: COMSOL and ANSWER Software -- B.1 COMSOL Model - Report Output -- B.1.1 Model properties -- B.1.2 Geometry -- B.1.2.1 Geom1 -- B.1.2.2 Point mode -- B.1.2.3 Boundary mode -- B.1.2.4 Subdomain mode -- B.1.3 Geom 1 -- B.1.4.1 Mesh statistics -- B.1.5 Application mode: Incompressible Navier-Stokes -- B.1.5.1 Application mode properties -- B.1.5.2 Variables -- B.1.5.3 Boundary settings -- B.1.5.4 Subdomain settings -- B.1.6 Application mode: Convection and diffusion.
B.1.6.1 Application mode properties -- B.1.6.2 Variables -- B.1.6.3 Boundary settings -- B.1.6.4 Subdomain settings -- B.1.7 Solver settings -- B.1.7.1 Direct (PARDISO) -- B.1.7.2 Stationary -- B.1.7.3 Advanced -- B.1.8 Postprocessing -- B.2 ANSWER Model -- B.2.1 Answer input deck -- B.2.2 Answer solutions -- Bibliography -- Index.
Özet:
Emission of pollutants and their accumulation due to poor ventilation and air exchange are serious problems currently under investigation by many researchers. Of particular concern are issues involving air quality within buildings. Toxic fumes and airborne diseases are known to produce undesirable odors, eye and nose irritations, sickness, and occasionally death. Other products such as tobacco smoke and carbon monoxide can also have serious health effects on people exposed to a poorly ventilated environment; studies indicate that indirect or passive smoking can also lead to lung cancer.Design for prevention or remediation of indoor air pollution requires expertise in optimizing geometrical configurations; knowledge of HVAC systems, perceived or expected contaminants and source locations; and economics. Much of the design concept involves ways in which to optimize the benefits or balance the advantages and disadvantages of various configurations and equipment. The fact that a room or building will conceivably become contaminated is generally an accepted fact - to what extent indoor air pollution will become critical is not really known until it happens.A series of numerical models that run in MATLAB are described in the text and placed on the Web. These models include the finite difference method, finite volume method, finite element method, the boundary element method, particle-in-cell, meshless methods, and lagrangian particle transport. In addition, all example problems can be run using COMSOL, a commercial finite-element-based computer code with a great deal of flexibility and application. By accessing AutoCad ICES or DWG file structures, COMSOL permits a building floor plan to be captured and the interior walls discretized into elements.
Notlar:
Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2017. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.
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