Inorganic Nanoprobes for Biological Sensing and Imaging -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Colloidal Quantum Dots: Synthesis, Photophysical Properties, and Biofunctionalization Strategies -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Chemistry and Physics of Semiconductor Quantum Dots -- 1.2.1 Basic Physical Properties of Semiconductor Quantum Dots -- 1.2.2 Synthesis, Characterization, and Capping Strategies -- 1.3 Strategies for Surface-Functionalization and Conjugation to Biomolecules -- 1.3.1 Water-Solubilization Strategies -- 1.3.2 Methods for Conjugating QDs with Biomolecular Receptors -- 1.4 Concluding Remarks and Future Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2: Colloidal Chemical Synthesis of Organic-Dispersible Uniform Magnetic Nanoparticles -- 2.1 Magnetism of Nanoparticles -- 2.2 Transition Metal Nanoparticles -- 2.2.1 Cobalt Nanoparticles -- 2.2.2 Iron and Nickel Nanoparticles -- 2.3 Metal Alloy Nanoparticles -- 2.3.1 FePt Nanoparticles -- 2.3.2 Other Metal Alloy Nanoparticles -- 2.4 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles -- 2.4.1 Monometallic Oxide Nanoparticles -- 2.4.2 Bimetallic Ferrite Nanoparticles -- 2.5 Representative Synthetic Procedures for Magnetic Nanoparticles -- 2.5.1 Iron Nanoparticles -- 2.5.2 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles -- References -- Chapter 3: Peptide-Functionalized Quantum Dots for Live Diagnostic Imaging and Therapeutic Applications -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Phytochelatin Peptides: The All-in-One Solubilization/Functionalization Approach -- 3.3 Colloidal and Photophysical Properties of Peptide-Coated Qdots -- 3.4 Live Cell Dynamic Imaging -- 3.4.1 Single-Particle Tracking of Cell-Surface Membrane Receptors -- 3.4.2 Peptide-Mediated Intracellular Delivery and Targeting of Qdots -- 3.5 Live Animal Imaging -- 3.5.1 Near-Infrared Deep-Tissue Dual-Modality Imaging -- 3.5.2 In Vivo Targeting of Tumor Vasculature.

3.6 Beyond Diagnostic Imaging: Sensing and Therapeutic Applications -- 3.6.1 Cleavable Peptides for Proteases Activity -- 3.6.2 Photodynamic Therapy -- 3.7 Conclusion and Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4: Resonance Energy Transfer-Based Sensing Using Quantum Dot Bioconjugates -- 4.1 Introduction and Background -- 4.2 Unique Attributes of Quantum Dots As FRET Donors -- 4.2.1 Improving the Spectral Overlap by Tuning QD Emission -- 4.2.2 Significant Reduction of Direct Excitation of the Acceptor -- 4.2.3 Increase FRET Efficiency by Arraying Multiple Acceptors around a Single QD -- 4.2.4 Achieving Multiplex FRET Configurations with One Excitation Source -- 4.2.5 Multiphoton FRET Configurations -- 4.3 FRET-Based Biosensing with Quantum Dots -- 4.3.1 Competitive Sensing Using QD-Protein Conjugates -- 4.3.2 Sensing Enzymatic Activity Using QD-Peptide and QD-Oligonucleotide Substrates -- 4.3.3 Detection of Hybridization Using QD-Nucleic Acid Conjugates -- 4.3.4 pH and Ion Sensing -- 4.4 Quantum Dots As Sensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy -- 4.5 Special Sensing Configurations -- 4.6 Conclusions and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5: Use of Luminescent Quantum Dots to Image and Initiate Biological Functions -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Multivalency Allows Multifunctionality -- 5.3 Stimuli-Responsive Polymers and Qds As Tools for Imaging -- 5.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6: Single Particle Investigation of Biological Processes Using QD-Bioconjugates -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Physical Properties of Single QDs -- 6.3 In Vitro Detection of Biomolecular Interactions Using Single QD Fluorescence -- 6.3.1 Detection of Biomolecules Using Multicolor Colocalization of QD Probes -- 6.3.2 Colocalization Studies Using Streptavidin-Coupled QD-Dye Pairs.

6.3.3 Fluorescence Energy Transfer from Single QD to Organic Fluorophores -- 6.4 In Vitro and In Vivo Tracking of Protein Using Single QDs -- 6.4.1 In Vitro Detection of Kinesin and Myosin Motor Movement -- 6.4.2 Tracking of Protein Receptors in Live Cells -- 6.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 7: Assessment of the Issues Related to the Toxicity of Quantum Dots -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 General Considerations -- 7.2.1 Routes of Exposure -- 7.2.2 Mechanisms of Cellular Internalization of QDs -- 7.2.3 Detection of QD-Induced Cytotoxicity -- 7.3 Mechanisms of Quantum Dots Cytotoxicity -- 7.3.1 Release of Toxic Metal Ions -- 7.3.2 Effects of Capping Materials on Cytotoxicity -- 7.3.3 Effects of QD Size on Cytotoxicity -- 7.3.4 Effects of Reactive Oxygen Species on Cytotoxicity -- 7.3.5 Effects of QDs on Genomic DNA -- 7.4 Bioaccumulation and Clearance of QDs -- 7.5 Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 8: Chemical and Biological Sensing Based on Gold Nanoparticles -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles -- 8.3 Physical Properties of Gold Nanoparticles -- 8.4 Colorimetric Sensing -- 8.4.1 Colorimetric Detection of Metal Ions and Anions -- 8.4.2 Colorimetric Detection of Biomaterials -- 8.5 Fluorescence Sensing -- 8.6 Electrical and Electrochemical Sensing -- 8.7 Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering-Based Sensing -- 8.8 Gold Nanoparticle-Amplified SPR Sensing -- 8.9 Quartz Crystal Microbalance-Based Sensing -- 8.10 Gold Nanoparticle-Based Bio-Barcode Assay -- 8.11 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 9: Plasmon-Resonant Gold Nanorods: Photophysical Properties Applied Toward Biological Imaging and Therapy -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Synthesis -- 9.3 Optical Properties -- 9.3.1 Absorption -- 9.3.2 Plasmon-Resonant Scattering -- 9.3.3 Linear Photoluminescence.

9.3.4 Nonlinear Optical Properties -- 9.3.5 Other Optical Properties -- 9.4 Surface Chemistry and Biocompatibility -- 9.4.1 Bioconjugation Methods -- 9.4.2 Cytotoxicity and Nonspecific Cell Uptake -- 9.5 Biological Applications of Gold Nanorods -- 9.5.1 Contrast Agents for Imaging -- 9.5.2 Photothermal Therapy -- 9.5.3 Ex Vivo Bioanalytical Applications -- 9.6 Outlook -- References -- Chapter 10: Magnetic Nanoparticles in Biomedical Applications -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Nanoscale Magnetic Properties -- 10.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Contrast Agent -- 10.4 Magnetic Separation -- 10.5 Magnetic Drug Delivery -- 10.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11: Magnetic Nanoparticles-Assisted Cellular MR Imaging and Their Biomedical Applications -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Characterization of MRI Contrast Agents or Magnetic Nanoparticles Used in Cell Labeling for CMRI -- 11.2.1 Paramagnetic Agents -- 11.2.2 Superparamagnetic Agents -- 11.3 Methods for Labeling Cells with Magnetic Nanoparticles for CMRI -- 11.3.1 Endocytosis of Contrast Agents -- 11.3.2 Modified Nanoparticles for Cell Labeling -- 11.3.3 Transfection Agent Mediated Cell Labeling -- 11.3.4 Other Methods of Cell Labeling -- 11.4 Methods to Monitor the Functional Status of Labeled Cells or Toxicity Following Labeling -- 11.4.1 Determination of Cell Viability -- 11.4.2 Determination of Cell Function -- 11.4.3 Determination of Cell Differentiation Capacity -- 11.5 MRI Techniques to Detect Cells Labeled with Superparamagnetic Iron Oxides -- 11.6 Animal Studies That Have Utilized CMRI -- 11.6.1 Stem Cell Tracking -- 11.6.2 Intracranial Tumor Studies -- 11.6.3 Tumor Angiogenesis -- 11.6.4 Stroke and Trauma Models -- 11.6.5 Myocardial Infarction and Vascular Models -- 11.6.6 Models of Multiple Sclerosis -- 11.7 Translation to the Clinic -- 11.7.1 Human Studies -- 11.7.2 Regulatory Issues.

References -- About the Edi tors -- List of Contributors -- Index -- Color Plates.