Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Contributors -- Abbreviations and Acronyms -- Map of Vietnam -- 1. An Overview of Economic Growth and Household Welfare in Vietnam in the 1990s -- Part I. Vietnam's Economic Performance in the 1990s -- 2. Reform, Growth, and Poverty -- 3. The Wage Labor Market and Inequality in Vietnam -- 4. Household Enterprises in Vietnam: Survival, Growth, and Living Standards -- 5. Agriculture and Income Distribution in Rural Vietnam under Economic Reforms: A Tale of Two Regions -- Part II. Poverty Reduction in Vietnam in the 1990s -- 6. The Static and Dynamic Incidence of Vietnam's Public Safety Net -- 7. The Spatial Distribution of Poverty in Vietnam and the Potential for Targeting -- 8. Ethnic Minority Development in Vietnam: A Socioeconomic Perspective -- Part III. Progress in Health and Education in Vietnam in the 1990s -- 9. Poverty and Survival Prospects of Vietnamese Children under Doi Moi -- 10. Child Nutrition, Economic Growth, and the Provision of Health Care Services in Vietnam -- 11. Patterns of Health Care Use in Vietnam: Analysis of 1998 Vietnam Living Standards Survey Data -- 12. Trends in the Education Sector -- 13. An Investigation of the Determinants of School Progress and Academic Achievement in Vietnam -- Part IV. Other Topics -- 14. Child Labor in Transition in Vietnam -- 15. Economic Mobility in Vietnam -- 16. Private Interhousehold Transfers in Vietnam -- List of Figures, Maps, and Tables -- Figures -- 2.1 Per Capita GDP Growth Rates, 1960s to 1990s -- 2.2 Convergence and Divergence in Per Capita GDP Growth Rates in the 1990s -- 2.3 Economic Growth and Income of the Poor -- 2.4 Increased Trade and Changes in Inequality -- 2.5 Indicators of Vietnam's Reforms: Mid-1980s to Late 1990s -- 2.6 Effect of Economic Reform on Poverty, 1988-98.

2.7 Poverty Reduction and Growth Rate in India, Vietnam, and China, 1992-98 -- 2.8 Conditional Convergence, 1995-2035 -- 2.9 Governance Pentagons: Vietnam, India, Thailand, Myanmar, and China -- 2.10 Global Competitiveness Report Rankings: Vietnam, China, and India -- 2.11 Maritime Transport to the United States (West Coast): Garments -- 2.12 Foreign Direct Investment as a Share of GDP, 1998 -- 2.13 Foreign Direct Investment in Vietnam in the 1990s -- 3.1 Economic Growth in Vietnam -- 3.2 Levels of Schooling versus Labor Market Returns to Schooling by Region, 1998 -- 3.3 Agricultural Labor Force Compared with Income Level -- 4.1 Household Choices in 1993 and 1998 -- 5.1 Composition of Income, Vietnam -- 5.2 Trends in Rice Production -- 5.3 Trends in Total Agricultural Output -- 5.4 The Distributional Impact of Changes in Rice Prices, Rural North -- 5.5 The Distributional Impact of Changes in Rice Prices, Rural South -- 7.1 Provincial Poverty Headcounts Estimated Using Urban-Rural and Stratum-Level Regression Models -- 7.2 Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves for Selected Targeting Variables -- 8.1 Kernel Densities of Per Capita Expenditure for 1998 -- 8C.1 Results of the Multiple Adaptive Regression Spline Model for Kinh-Hoa Households -- 8C.2 Results of the Multiple Adaptive Regression Spline Model for Minority Households -- 9.1 Indirect Estimates of the Infant Mortality Rate -- 9.2 Indirect Estimates of the Under-Five Mortality Rate -- 9.3 Direct Estimates of Infant and Under-Five Mortality Rates -- 9.4 Trends in Under-Five Mortality, by Consumption Quintile -- 9.5 Concentration Curves for Under-Five Mortality -- 9.6 Decomposing the Sources of Changes in Child Mortality -- 10.1 Diarrhea, Stunting, and Wasting, 1993 -- 10.2 Diarrhea, Stunting, and Wasting, 1998 -- 12.1 Trends in School Enrollment, 1987-2000.

12.2 School Net Enrollment Rates, by Quintile and Level, 1993 and 1998 -- 12.3 School Net Enrollment Rate, by Gender and Education Level, 1993 and 1998 -- 12.4 School Net Enrollment Rate, by Ethnicity and Level of Education, 1993 and 1998 -- 12.5 Per Student Public and Private Spending on Primary Education, by Region, 1993 and 1998 -- 12.6 Lorenz Distributions of Public Education Expenditure, by Level of Education, 1993 and 1998 -- 12.7 Monthly Earnings of Private and Public Sector Workers, 1993 and 1998 -- 14.1 Participation in Work, by Age and Gender -- 14.2 Distribution of Hours Worked in Nonagricultural Traditional Work -- 14.3 Participation in Work, by Age and Location -- 14.4 Reductions in the Probability That a Child Works in the Past Seven Days, by Region, Household Fixed Effects Results -- 14.5 Living Standards and the Decline in Child Labor -- 14.6 Participation in Work, by Age and Migration Status of Head -- 14.7 Participation in Work, by Age and Household Enterprises -- 14.8 Participation in Traditional Work, by Age and Household Enterprise Change -- 14.9 Participation in Work, by Age and Ethnicity -- 16.1 Generational Directions of Private Transfers, 1993 -- 16.2 Flows of Informal Lending, 1998 -- 16.3 Generational Directions of Private Transfers, 1998 -- 16.4 Regional Incidence of Private Transfers, 1993 -- 16.5 Regional Value of Private Transfers, 1993 -- 16.6 Urban-Rural Incidence of Private Transfers, 1993 -- 16.7 Urban-Rural Value of Private Transfers, 1993 -- 16.8 Regional Incidence of Private Transfers, 1998 -- 16.9 Regional Value of Private Transfers, 1998 -- 16.10 Urban-Rural Incidence of Private Transfers, 1998 -- 16.11 Urban-Rural Value of Private Transfers, 1998 -- Maps -- 7.1 Incidence of Poverty by Province -- 7.2 Incidence of Rural Poverty by Province -- 8.1 Ethnicity and Expenditures -- Tables.

1.1 Vietnam's Economic and Social Performance -- 1.2 Changes in Inequality in the 1990s -- 2.1 Estimated Growth Effect of Vietnam's Reforms -- 3.1 Labor Force Participation, Ages 16-60 -- 3.2 Unemployment Rates -- 3.3 Sectoral Composition of Employment -- 3.4 Rural Composition of Employment, by Sex -- 3.5 Urban Composition of Employment, by Sex -- 3.6 Wage Levels and Growth, by Region -- 3.7 Skilled, Private, Nonagricultural Wages, by Region -- 3.8 Average Annual Hours Worked in Wage Employment -- 3.9 State-Owned Enterprise Employment -- 3.10 Wage Regressions: Estimated Effect of Education and Experience -- 3.11 Wage Regressions: Broader Group Correlates -- 3.12 Wage Regressions, by Region, 1998 -- 3.13 Wages, by Quintile -- 3.14 Changes in Wages, by 1993 Quintile -- 3.15 Changes in Wages, by 1998 Quintile -- 3.16 Inequality Measures of 1993 Annual Wages, by Region -- 3.17 Inequality Measures of 1998 Annual Wages, by Region -- 3.18 Inequality of Household Expenditure Per Capita -- 3.19 Per Capita Household Expenditure, Broken Down by Main Income Source, 1998 -- 3.20 Decomposition of Household Income Inequality, by Source, 1993 -- 3.21 Decomposition of Household Income Inequality, by Source, 1998 -- 3.22 Inequality Measures of Household Expenditure, Per Capita, by Main Income Source, 1993 -- 3.23 Inequality Measures of Household Expenditure, Per Capita, by Main Income Source, 1998 -- 3.24 Agriculture, in Relation to Income, across Countries -- 3.25 Inequality Projections, 2003 and 2008 -- 4.1 Labor Market Participation, by Residence and Gender -- 4.2 Labor Market Participation by Quintile, Region, and Ethnicity -- 4.3 Percentage of Households with a Nonfarm Household Enterprise, 1993 and 1998 -- 4.4 Labor Market Participation, by Age and Schooling Level -- 4.5 Logistic Model of Operation of an Enterprise, 1993.

4.6 Accounting for the Panel Enterprises -- 4.7 Comparison of Panel Enterprises, Nonpanel Enterprises, and Enterprises in Attrited Households -- 4.8 Determinants of the Attrition Process: A Logistic Model -- 4.9 Enterprise Survival: A Logistic Model -- 4.10 Probability That a 1993 Enterprise Survived until 1998 -- 4.11 Enterprise Startup: A Logistic Model -- 4.12 Dynamics in Enterprise Income -- 4.13 Determinants of Growth in Enterprise Income -- 5.1 Household Incomes by Source -- 5.2 Selected Price Indexes for 1998 Relative to 1993, Rural -- 5.3 Rice Prices across Time and over Space -- 5.4 Urban Food Demand Patterns and Expenditure Elasticities -- 5.5 Rural Food Demand Patterns and Expenditure Elasticities -- 5.6 Crop Output, Acreage, and Sales: Shares -- 5.7 Changes in Crop Output, Land Use, and Fertilizer Use Per Household -- 5.8 Decompositions of Output Growth -- 5.9 Rice Marketing, per Household -- 5.10 Rice Marketing Per Household, by Region, Rural Only -- 5.11 Decompositions of Rural Income Inequality, by Source of Income -- 6.1 Incidence of Social Welfare Income -- 6.2 Population Receiving Social Welfare Income -- 6.3 Total Spending on Social Welfare in 1998 as Reported in the Vietnam Living Standards Survey -- 6.4 Incidence of School Fee Exemptions -- 6.5 Incidence of Household Contributions -- 6.6 Rural Population Living in a Commune with Poverty Programs and Other Programs -- 6.7 Small-Town Population Living in a Commune with Poverty Programs and Other Programs -- 6.8 Changes in Incidence of Social Transfers over Time -- 6.9 Incidence of Changes in Transfers by Initial Consumption and Changes in Consumption over Time -- 6.10 Baseline Discrete Joint Distribution -- 6.11 Joint Distribution without Transfers -- 6.12 No Change in Transfers between 1993 and 1998 -- 6.13 Actual 1998 Distribution versus Uniform Allocation of 1998 Transfers.

6.14 Actual 1998 Distribution versus 1998 Transfers Targeted on Equal Per Capita Basis to the Poor.