Contents -- Preface -- Program -- Prerequisites -- Plea -- Past -- Acknowledgments -- Outline of the book -- Part I: Reconciling Natural and Mental Philosophy -- Part II: Reconstructing Rational Mechanics -- Part III: Mechanical Minds -- Part IV: The Metaphysics of Mechanics -- Part V: Conclusion of the Matter -- 1 Mechanical intelligence -- 1.1 Mechanical philosophy -- 1.2 The great divorce -- 1.3 The awaiting reconciliation -- 2 Why mechanics? -- 2.1 Rethinking materialism -- 2.1.1 Interacting minds and bodies -- 2.1.2 Correlation -- 2.1.3 Mechanical reasoning -- 2.1.3.1 States of reasoning -- 2.1.3.2 Structure of reasoning -- 2.1.3.3 Reasoned motion -- 2.2 Characterizing rationality -- 2.2.1 What is rationality? -- 2.2.1.1 Psychological rationality -- 2.2.1.2 Logical rationality -- 2.2.1.3 Economic rationality -- 2.2.2 Human rationality -- 2.2.2.1 Humane logical rationality -- 2.2.2.2 Humane economic rationality -- 2.2.2.3 Humane psychological rationality -- 2.2.2.4 Do the differences matter? -- 2.2.3 Mechanical rationality -- 2.2.3.1 Mental inertia -- 2.2.3.2 Mental effort -- 2.2.3.3 Self-control -- 2.2.3.4 Self-consciousness -- 2.3 Designing minds -- 2.3.1 Design specifications -- 2.3.2 Predicting performance -- 2.3.3 Achieving efficiency -- 3 Why mechanics now? -- 3.1 Impediments to understanding -- 3.1.1 Phenomenal complexity -- 3.1.2 Inadequate mathematics -- 3.1.3 Piecemeal models -- 3.1.4 Simplistic models -- 3.1.5 Repugnant formalisms -- 3.2 Vital analogy -- 3.2.1 Biological analogy -- 3.2.2 Anthropological analogy -- 3.2.3 Theological analogy -- 3.3 Physical analogy -- 3.3.1 Chemical analogy -- 3.3.2 Dynamical analogy -- 3.3.3 Energetical analogy -- 3.3.4 Thermodynamical analogy -- 3.4 Machine analogy -- 3.4.1 Examples and exceptions -- 3.4.2 Machines without mechanics -- 3.4.3 The costs of division -- 3.5 Appraisal.

4 What is mechanics? -- 4.1 The nature of mechanics -- 4.1.1 Mechanical laws -- 4.1.2 Defining mechanics -- 4.1.3 Distinguishing mechanics from mathematics -- 4.2 The structure of modern mechanics -- 4.2.1 General laws -- 4.2.2 Special laws -- 4.3 A path to a general mechanics -- 4.3.1 Formal bases for mechanics -- 4.3.2 Broadening the general laws -- 4.3.2.1 Discrete mechanics -- 4.3.2.2 Hybrid mechanics -- 4.3.2.3 The bottom line -- 4.3.3 Adding new special laws -- 4.4 Organization of the exposition -- 5 Kinematics -- 5.1 Bodies -- 5.1.1 Universes -- 5.1.1.1 Ordering -- 5.1.1.2 Bounding bodies -- 5.1.1.3 Separation -- 5.1.1.4 Overlap -- 5.1.1.5 Subuniverses -- 5.1.1.6 Substructure -- 5.1.2 Extensions -- 5.2 Events -- 5.2.1 Framings -- 5.2.2 Neoclassical event worlds -- 5.3 Time -- 5.3.1 Continuous metric time -- 5.3.2 Discrete time -- 5.3.2.1 Ordering and intervals -- 5.3.2.2 Temporal indices -- 5.3.2.3 Duration -- 5.3.3 Hybrid time -- 5.3.3.1 Hybrid instants -- 5.3.3.2 Hybrid order and duration -- 5.3.4 Extensions -- 5.4 Space -- 5.4.1 Continuous Euclidean space -- 5.4.2 Frame indifference -- 5.4.3 Discrete space -- 5.4.3.1 Algebraic structures -- 5.4.3.2 Pseudo-Euclidean space -- 5.4.3.3 Examples -- 5.4.3.4 Extensions -- 5.4.4 Hybrid space -- 5.4.4.1 Hybrid translation space -- 5.4.4.2 Hybrid frames -- 5.4.4.3 Hybrid substructure -- 5.4.5 Extensions -- 5.4.5.1 Manifolds -- 5.4.5.2 Discrete manifolds -- 5.4.5.3 State space -- 5.4.5.4 Event worlds -- 5.5 Bodies in space -- 5.5.1 Placements -- 5.5.2 Examples -- 5.5.3 Configurations -- 5.5.4 Deformations -- 5.5.5 Extensions -- 5.5.6 Special kinematic laws -- 5.5.6.1 Deformation classes -- 5.5.6.2 Placement classes -- 5.6 Motion in space -- 5.6.1 Deformation processes -- 5.6.2 Intrinsic motion -- 5.6.3 Extrinsic motion -- 5.6.4 Hybrid motion -- 5.6.5 Discrete motion -- 5.6.6 Motion from flows.

5.6.7 Nondeterministic motions -- 6 Dynamics -- 6.1 Mass -- 6.1.1 Massy bodies -- 6.1.2 Mass configurations -- 6.1.3 Mass variation -- 6.1.4 Mass, place, and body -- 6.1.5 Discrete mass -- 6.1.5.1 Mass values -- 6.1.5.2 Examples -- 6.1.5.3 Mass configurations -- 6.1.5.4 Nonmassy bodies -- 6.1.6 Hybrid mass -- 6.2 Momentum -- 6.2.1 Linear momentum -- 6.2.2 Rotational momentum -- 6.2.3 Discrete momentum -- 6.2.3.1 Momentum values -- 6.2.3.2 Bilinearity -- 6.2.3.3 Dimensionality -- 6.2.3.4 Geometry -- 6.2.3.5 Duality -- 6.2.4 Hybrid momentum -- 6.3 Force -- 6.3.1 Systems of forces -- 6.3.1.1 Force values -- 6.3.1.2 Additive forces -- 6.3.1.3 Measurable forces -- 6.3.1.4 Pairwise equilibrated forces -- 6.3.1.5 Applied forces and self-forces -- 6.3.1.6 Balanced forces -- 6.3.1.7 Body and contact forces -- 6.3.2 Torques -- 6.3.3 Stress -- 6.3.4 Discrete forces and torques -- 6.3.5 Hybrid forces -- 6.4 Force and motion -- 6.4.1 Working -- 6.4.2 Inertia -- 6.5 Energy -- 6.5.1 Energetic bodies -- 6.5.2 Energy values -- 6.5.3 Energy configurations -- 6.5.4 Additive energies -- 6.5.5 Heating -- 6.5.6 Kinetic and total energy -- 7 The character of mechanical law -- 7.1 Mechanical processes -- 7.1.1 Response functionals -- 7.1.2 Frame indifference -- 7.2 Determinism -- 7.2.1 What is determinism? -- 7.2.2 Why determinism? -- 7.2.3 Is determinism true? -- 7.2.3.1 Pseudoindeterminism -- 7.2.3.2 Pseudodeterminism -- 7.2.3.3 Human experience -- 7.2.3.4 Free will -- 7.2.4 Specializing determinism -- 7.3 Continuity -- 7.3.1 What is continuity? -- 7.3.2 Why continuity? -- 7.3.3 Is continuity true? -- 7.3.3.1 Physical continuity -- 7.3.3.2 Computational continuity -- 7.3.3.3 Hybrid continuity -- 7.3.4 Smoothness and relative continuity -- 7.3.5 The character of discontinuities -- 7.4 Conservation -- 7.4.1 What are conservative systems? -- 7.4.2 Why conservative systems?.

7.4.3 Are conservation principles true? -- 7.4.4 Formalizing conservation principles -- 7.4.4.1 Ordering changes -- 7.4.4.2 Conservative histories -- 7.4.4.3 Energetic conservatism -- 7.5 Economy -- 7.5.1 What is economy of action? -- 7.5.2 Why economize action? -- 7.5.3 Is economy of action true? -- 7.5.3.1 Truth without consequences -- 7.5.3.2 The simple truth -- 7.5.4 Economy of action as physical law -- 7.6 Reversibility -- 7.6.1 What is reversibility? -- 7.6.2 Why reversibility? -- 7.6.3 Is reversibility true? -- 7.6.3.1 Theoretical reversibility -- 7.6.3.2 Theoretical irreversibility -- 7.6.3.3 Phenomenological irreversibility -- 7.6.3.4 Punctuated reversibility -- 7.7 Locality -- 7.7.1 What is locality? -- 7.7.2 Why locality? -- 7.7.3 Is locality true? -- 7.7.3.1 Locality from local methodology -- 7.7.3.2 Formal locality -- 7.7.3.3 Intimations of nonlocality -- 7.7.4 Localizing locality -- 8 Mental varieties -- 8.1 What is plural discrete affective cognition? -- 8.2 Why plural discrete affective cognition? -- 8.3 Are such minds mechanical? -- 8.3.1 Psychological ambiguities -- 8.3.2 Interpretational ambiguities -- 8.4 An example: reason maintenance -- 8.4.1 What is reason maintenance? -- 8.4.2 Why reason maintenance? -- 8.4.2.1 Computation -- 8.4.2.2 Psychology -- 8.4.2.3 Economics -- 8.4.2.4 Summary -- 9 Mind and body -- 9.1 Bodies -- 9.1.1 Simple dualism -- 9.1.2 Mental sensorimotor substructure -- 9.1.3 Mental substructure -- 9.2 Forces -- 9.2.1 Hybrid forces -- 9.2.2 Body, contact, and self-forces -- 9.2.3 Intentionality -- 10 Attitudes, outlook, and memory -- 10.1 Attitudinal structure and variety -- 10.2 Discrete binary information space -- 10.2.1 Binary translation space -- 10.2.2 Binary algebra -- 10.2.3 Other algebras -- 10.2.4 Inner products and metrics -- 10.2.5 Changes of frame -- 10.3 Motion -- 10.3.1 Velocity and acceleration.

10.3.2 Configuration and deformation -- 10.4 Mass -- 10.4.1 Mass values -- 10.4.2 Spatial representations -- 10.5 Momentum -- 10.6 Force -- 10.6.1 Environmental interactions -- 10.6.2 Spatial and mass forces -- 10.7 Energy -- 10.8 Illustration: simple computation -- 11 Reasoning -- 11.1 Reasons -- 11.1.1 Simple reasons -- 11.1.2 Interval reasons -- 11.1.3 Reasons as directional derivatives -- 11.2 Reasoned positions -- 11.3 Reasoned motion -- 11.3.1 Single reason motion -- 11.3.2 Multireason motion -- 11.3.3 Removal of reasons -- 11.4 Reason forces -- 11.4.1 Friction and inertial motion -- 11.4.2 Superposition and conflict resolution -- 11.4.3 Frame indifference -- 11.5 Reason stresses -- 11.5.1 Reasons as tensors -- 11.5.2 Reasoner surfaces -- 11.5.3 Cauchy's first law of motion -- 11.5.4 Serial composition -- 12 Rationality -- 12.1 Limits on rationality -- 12.1.1 Work and effort -- 12.1.1.1 Magnitude of force -- 12.1.1.2 Channel capacity -- 12.1.1.3 Rate of change -- 12.1.1.4 Continuity -- 12.1.2 Attention and volition -- 12.1.2.1 Attention and stable deliberate response -- 12.1.2.2 Couples and unstable wanton response -- 12.1.3 Rigidity -- 12.2 Inherent rationality -- 12.2.1 Constitutive logics -- 12.2.2 Information systems -- 12.2.2.1 Limited consistency -- 12.2.2.2 Limited entailment -- 12.2.2.3 Information elements and approximation -- 12.2.2.4 Frame indifference -- 12.2.3 Admissible positions -- 12.3 Rational motives -- 12.3.1 Motivational forces -- 12.3.2 Motivational character -- 12.3.3 Utility gradient forces -- 12.3.4 Cognitive forces -- 12.3.5 Habit -- 12.3.6 Refraction and elastic forces -- 12.3.7 Conceptual forces -- 13 Learning -- 13.1 Accretion -- 13.2 Stretching -- 13.3 Shearing -- 13.3.1 Intentions and differential effects -- 13.3.2 Conservative response -- 13.4 Configurational intentions -- 13.4.1 Self-specifications.

13.4.2 Satisfaction systems.