The Plasma Chemistry of Polymer Surfaces : Advanced Techniques for Surface Design.
Başlık:
The Plasma Chemistry of Polymer Surfaces : Advanced Techniques for Surface Design.
Yazar:
Friedrich, Jörg.
ISBN:
9783527648030
Yazar Ek Girişi:
Basım Bilgisi:
2nd ed.
Fiziksel Tanımlama:
1 online resource (480 pages)
İçerik:
The Plasma Chemistry of Polymer Surfaces: Advanced Techniques for Surface Design -- Contents -- Preface -- 1: Introduction -- References -- 2: Interaction between Plasma and Polymers -- 2.1 Special Features of Polymers -- 2.2 Processes on Polymer Surfaces during Plasma Exposure -- 2.3 Influence of Polymer Type -- 2.4 Methods, Systematic, and Definitions -- 2.4.1 Surface Modification (Functionalization) -- 2.4.2 Coating of Polymer Surfaces with Functional Group-Bearing Plasma Polymers -- 2.4.2.1 Plasma-Chemical Polymerization -- 2.4.2.2 Pulsed-Plasma Polymerization -- 2.4.3 Other Polymer Process -- 2.4.3.1 Polymer Etching -- 2.4.3.2 Crosslinking -- 2.5 Functional Groups and Their Interaction with Other Solids -- References -- 3: Plasma -- 3.1 Plasma State -- 3.2 Types of Low-Pressure Glow Discharges -- 3.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Plasma Modification of Polymer Surfaces -- 3.4 Energetic Situation in Low-Pressure Plasmas -- 3.5 Atmospheric and Thermal Plasmas for Polymer Processing -- 3.6 Polymer Characteristics -- 3.7 Chemically Active Species and Radiation -- References -- 4: Chemistry and Energetics in Classic and Plasma Processes -- 4.1 Introduction of Plasma Species onto Polymer Surfaces -- 4.2 Oxidation by Plasma Fluorination and by Chemical Fluorination -- 4.3 Comparison of Plasma Exposure, Ionizing Irradiation, and Photo-oxidation of Polymers -- References -- 5: Kinetics of Polymer Surface Modification -- 5.1 Polymer Surface Functionalization -- 5.1.1 Kinetics of Surface Functionalization -- 5.1.2 Unspecific Functionalizations by Gaseous Plasmas -- 5.2 Polymer Surface Oxidation -- 5.2.1 Polyolefins -- 5.2.2 Aliphatic Self-Assembled Monolayers -- 5.2.3 Polyethylene -- 5.2.4 Polypropylene -- 5.2.5 Polystyrene -- 5.2.6 Polycarbonate -- 5.2.7 Poly(ethylene terephthalate).
5.2.8 Summary of Changes at Polymer Surfaces on Exposure to Oxygen Plasma -- 5.2.9 Categories of General Behavior of Polymers on Exposure to Oxygen Plasma -- 5.2.10 Role of Contaminations at Polymer Surfaces -- 5.2.11 Dependence of Surface Energy on Oxygen Introduction -- 5.3 Polymer Surface Functionalization with Amino Groups -- 5.3.1 Ammonia Plasma Treatment for Introduction of Amino Groups -- 5.3.2 Side Reactions -- 5.3.3 Instability Caused by Post-Plasma Oxidation -- 5.3.4 Exposure of Self-Assembled (SAM) and Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) Monolayers to Ammonia Plasma -- 5.3.5 XPS Measurements of Elemental Compositions -- 5.3.6 ToF-SIMS Investigations -- 5.3.7 ATR-FTIR -- 5.3.8 CHN Analysis -- 5.3.9 NMR -- 5.3.10 Discussion of Hydrogenation and Amination of Polyolefins by Ammonia Plasma -- 5.4 Carbon Dioxide Plasmas -- 5.5 SH-Forming Plasmas -- 5.6 Fluorinating Plasmas -- 5.7 Chlorination -- 5.8 Polymer Modification by Noble Gas Plasmas -- References -- 6: Bulk, Ablative, and Side Reactions -- 6.1 Changes in Supermolecular Structure of Polymers -- 6.2 Polymer Etching -- 6.3 Changes in Surface Topology -- 6.4 Plasma Susceptibility of Polymer Building Blocks -- 6.5 Plasma UV Irradiation -- 6.6 Absorption of Radiation by Polymers -- 6.7 Formation of Unsaturations -- 6.8 Formation of Macrocycles -- 6.9 Polymer Degradation and Supermolecular Structure of Polymers -- 6.10 Crosslinking versus Degradation of Molar Masses -- 6.11 Radicals and Auto-oxidation -- 6.12 Plasma-Induced Photo-oxidations of Polymers -- 6.13 Different Degradation Behavior of Polymers on Exposure to Oxygen Plasma -- 6.14 Derivatization of Functional Groups for XPS -- References -- 7: Metallization of Plasma-Modified Polymers -- 7.1 Background -- 7.2 Polymer Plasma Pretreatment for Well Adherent Metal-Polymer Composites -- 7.2.1 Surface Cleaning by Plasma for Improving Adhesion.
7.2.2 Oxidative Plasma Pretreatment of Polymers for Adhesion Improvement -- 7.2.3 Reductive Plasma Pretreatment of Perfluorinated Polymers -- 7.2.4 Adhesion Improvement Using Homo- and Copolymer Interlayers -- 7.3 New Adhesion Concept -- 7.4 Redox Reactions along the Interface -- 7.5 Influence of Metal-Polymer Interactions on Interface-Neighbored Polymer Interphases -- 7.6 Metal-Containing Plasma Polymers -- 7.7 Plasma-Initiated Deposition of Metal Layers -- 7.8 Inspection of Peeled Surfaces -- 7.9 Life Time of Plasma Activation -- References -- 8: Accelerated Plasma-Aging of Polymers -- 8.1 Polymer Response to Long-Time Exposure to Plasmas -- 8.2 Hydrogen Plasma Exposure -- 8.3 Noble Gas Plasma Exposure, CASING -- References -- 9: Polymer Surface Modifications with Monosort Functional Groups -- 9.1 Various Ways of Producing Monosort Functional Groups at Polyolefin Surfaces -- 9.2 Oxygen Plasma Exposure and Post-Plasma Chemical Treatment for Producing OH Groups -- 9.3 Post-Plasma Chemical Grafting of Molecules, Oligomers, or Polymers -- 9.3.1Grafting onto OH Groups -- 9.3.2 Grafting onto NH2 Groups -- 9.3.3 Grafting onto COOH-Groups -- 9.4 Selective Plasma Bromination for Introduction of Monosort C-Br Bonds to Polyolefin Surfaces -- 9.4.1 General Remarks -- 9.4.2 History of the Plasma Bromination Process -- 9.4.3 Theoretical Considerations on the Plasma Bromination Process -- 9.4.4 Bromination Using Bromoform or Bromine Plasmas -- 9.4.5 Bromination Using Allyl Bromide Plasma -- 9.4.6 Grafting onto Bromine Groups -- 9.4.7 Yield in Density of Grafted Molecules at Polyolefin Surfaces -- 9.4.8 Change of Surface Functionality -- 9.4.9 Surface Bromination of Polyolefins: Conclusions -- 9.4.10 Bromination of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) -- 9.5 Functionalization of Graphitic Surfaces -- 9.5.1 Bromination with Bromine Plasma.
9.5.2 Dependence of Bromination Rate on Plasma Parameters -- 9.5.3 Alternative Plasma Bromination Precursors -- 9.5.4 Efficiency in Bromination of Carbon and Polymer Materials -- 9.5.5 Grafting of Amines to Brominated Surfaces -- 9.5.6 Refunctionalization to OH Groups -- 9.5.7 NH2 Introduction onto Carbon Surfaces -- 9.6 SiOx Deposition -- 9.7 Grafting onto Radical Sites -- 9.7.1 Types of Produced Radicals -- 9.7.2 Grafting onto C-Radical Sites -- 9.7.3 Post-Plasma Quenching of Radicals -- 9.7.4 Grafting on Peroxide Radicals -- 9.7.5 Plasma Ashing -- References -- 10: Atmospheric-Pressure Plasmas -- 10.1 General -- 10.2 Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) Treatment -- 10.3 Polymerization by Introduction of Gases, Vapors, or Aerosols into a DBD -- 10.4 Introduction of Polymer Molecules into the Atmospheric-Pressure Plasma and Their Deposition as Thin Polymer Films (Aerosol-DBD) -- 10.5 DBD Treatment of Polyolefin Surfaces for Improving Adhesion in Metal-Polymer Composites -- 10.6 Electrospray Ionization (ESI) Technique -- 10.6.1 ESI + Plasma -- 10.6.2 ESI without Plasma -- 10.6.3 Comparison of Aerosol-DBD and Electrospray -- 10.6.4 Topography -- 10.6.5 Electrophoretic Effect of ESI -- References -- 11: Plasma Polymerization -- 11.1 Historical -- 11.2 General Intention and Applications -- 11.3 Mechanism of Plasma Polymerization -- 11.3.1 Plasma-Induced Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization Mechanism -- 11.3.2 Ion-Molecule Reactions -- 11.3.3 Fragmentation-(Poly)recombination ("Plasma Polymerization") -- 11.4 Plasma Polymerization in Adsorption Layer or Gas Phase -- 11.5 Side-Reactions -- 11.6 Quasi-hydrogen Plasma -- 11.7 Kinetic Models Based on Ionic Mechanism -- 11.8 Kinetic Models of Plasma-Polymer Layer Deposition Based on a Radical Mechanism -- 11.9 Dependence on Plasma Parameter -- 11.10 Structure of Plasma Polymers.
11.11 Afterglow (Remote or Downstream) Plasmas -- 11.12 Powder Formation -- 11.13 Plasma Catalysis -- 11.14 Copolymerization in Continuous-Wave Plasma Mode -- References -- 12: Pulsed-Plasma Polymerization -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Basics -- 12.3 Presented Work on Pulsed-Plasma Polymerization -- 12.4 Role of Monomers in Pulsed-Plasma Polymerization -- 12.5 Dark Reactions -- 12.6 Pressure-Pulsed Plasma -- 12.7 Differences between Radical and Pulsed-Plasma Polymerization -- 12.8 Surface Structure and Composition of Pulsed-Plasma Polymers -- 12.9 Plasma-Polymer Aging and Elimination of Radicals in Plasma Polymers -- 12.10 Functional Groups Carrying Plasma-Polymer Layers -- 12.10.1 Allyl Alcohol -- 12.10.2 Allylamine -- 12.10.3 Acrylic Acid -- 12.10.4 Acrylonitrile -- 12.11 Vacuum Ultraviolet (VUV) Induced Polymerization -- 12.12 Plasma-Initiated Copolymerization -- 12.12.1 Reasons for Copolymerization -- 12.12.2 Copolymer Kinetics -- 12.12.3 Allyl Alcohol Copolymers with Ethylene, Butadiene, and Acetylene -- 12.12.4 Allyl Alcohol Copolymers with Styrene -- 12.12.5 Acrylic Acid -- 12.12.6 Copolymers with Allylamine -- 12.13 Graft Polymerization -- 12.14 Grafting onto Functional Groups -- References -- Index.
Özet:
More than 99% of all visible matter in the universe occurs as highly ionized gas plasma with high energy content. Electrical low- and atmospheric-pressure plasmas are characterized by continuous source of moderate quantities of energy or enthalpy transferred predominantly as kinetic energy of electrons. Therefore, such energetically unbalanced plasmas have low gas temperature but produce sufficient energy for inelastic collisions with atoms and molecules in the gas phase, thus producing reactive species and photons, which are able to initiate all types of polymerizations or activate any surface of low reactive polymers. However, the broadly distributed energies in the plasma exceed partially the binding energies in polymers, thus initiating very often unselective reactions and polymer degradation. The intention of this book is to present new plasma processes and new plasma reactions of high selectivity and high yield. This book aims to bridge classical and plasma chemistry, particularly focusing on polymer chemistry in the bulk and on the surface under plasma exposure. The stability of surface functionalization and the qualitative and quantitative measurement of functional groups at polymer surface are featured prominently, and chemical pathways for suppressing the undesirable side effects of plasma exposure are proposed and illustrated with numerous examples. Special attention is paid to the smooth transition from inanimate polymer surfaces to modified bioactive polymer surfaces. A wide range of techniques, plasma types and applications are demonstrated.
Notlar:
Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2017. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.
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