Contents -- Preface -- 1 The Smart Approach - An Introduction to Smart Technologies -- 1.1 What Constitutes a Smart Technology? -- 1.2 Application of Smart Technologies -- 1.2.1 An Interdisciplinary Field -- 2 Sensing Systems for Smart Structures -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Sensor Requirements in Smart Systems -- 2.3 Sensor Technologies for Smart Systems -- 2.3.1 The Options -- 2.3.2 Using Conventional Sensors -- 2.3.3 New Technologies - Fibre Optic Sensors -- 2.3.4 MEMS -- 2.3.5 Piezoceramics and Piezoelectric Polymers -- 2.3.6 Film Technologies: Coatings and Threads -- 2.4 Conclusions -- 3 Vibration Control Using Smart Structures -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 The Dynamics of Structures -- 3.1.2 Modal Analysis of Structures -- 3.2 Sensors and Actuators -- 3.3 Active Control of Structures -- 3.3.1 Modal Control -- 3.3.2 Adding Damping - Derivative Feedback -- 3.3.3 Positive Position Feedback -- 3.3.4 Other Controllers -- 3.4 Examples of Vibration Control -- 3.4.1 A Cantilever Beam -- 3.4.2 A Slewing Beam -- 3.4.3 A Slewing Frame -- 3.4.4 Antenna -- 3.4.5 Plate Example -- 3.5 Conclusions -- Bibliography -- 4 Data Fusion - The Role of Signal Processing for Smart Structures and Systems -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Sensors -- 4.3 Sensor Fusion -- 4.4 The JDL Model -- 4.5 The Boyd Model -- 4.6 The Waterfall Model -- 4.7 The Omnibus Model -- 4.8 The Relevance of Data Fusion for Smart Structures -- 4.9 Case Study: Fault Detection Based on Lamb Wave Scattering -- 4.9.1 Lamb Waves -- 4.9.2 Novelty Detection -- 4.9.3 Results -- 4.10 Sensor Optimisation, Validation and Failure-Safety -- 4.10.1 Optimal Sensor Distributions -- 4.10.2 Failure-Safe Distributions -- 4.11 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- Appendix A The Multi-Layer Perceptron -- Bibliography -- 5 Shape Memory Alloys - A Smart Technology? -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Structural Origins of Shape Memory.

5.3 One-Way Shape Memory -- 5.4 Two-Way Memory Effect -- 5.5 Pseudoelasticity or the Superelastic Effect -- 5.6 A Brief History of Memory Alloys and their Application -- 5.7 Why Not Use Bimetals? -- 5.8 Types of Shape Memory Alloy -- 5.9 Nickel Titanium Shape Memory Alloys -- 5.9.1 Background -- 5.9.2 Mechanical Behaviour -- 5.9.3 Corrosion Characteristics -- 5.9.4 Ternary Additions -- 5.9.5 Summary of Mechanical and Physical Properties -- 5.10 NiTi Shape Memory Alloys in Smart Applications -- 5.11 Shape Memory Alloys as Smart Actuators -- 5.11.1 Political Factors -- 5.11.2 Economic Forces -- 5.11.3 Social Forces -- 5.11.4 Technological Forces -- 5.12 Shape Memory Alloys and their Fit to Smart Technologies -- 5.12.1 Shape Memory Alloys - A Smart Material? -- 5.12.2 Shape Memory Alloys in Smart Structures -- 5.13 Final Thoughts -- Bibliography -- 6 Piezoelectric Materials -- 6.1 Introduction to Piezoelectricity -- 6.1.1 Crystallography of Piezoelectricity -- 6.1.2 The Interaction Between Mechanical and Electrical Systems -- 6.1.3 Some Piezoelectric Materials -- 6.2 Applications of the Direct Piezoelectric Effect -- 6.3 Acoustic Transducers -- 6.4 Piezoelectric Actuators -- 6.4.1 Bimorphs and Other Bending Piezo-Actuators -- 6.4.2 Monolithic Actuators -- 6.4.3 Stack and Multi-Layer Actuators -- 6.5 The Problem of Amplification -- 6.5.1 Mechanical Amplification -- 6.5.2 The Summation of Multiple Small Steps -- 6.5.3 The Impact Technique -- 6.6 Further Application Examples -- Bibliography -- 7 Magnetostriction -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Background -- 7.2 Rare Earth Intermetallics -- 7.3 Actuation -- 7.3.1 Generic Actuators -- 7.3.2 Magnetostrictive Motors -- 7.3.3 Sonic and Ultrasonic Emission -- 7.3.4 Vibration Control and Absorbers -- 7.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- 8 Smart Fluid Machines -- 8.1 Introduction.

8.2 Concepts and Philosophy -- 8.3 More Philosophy -- 8.4 The Strictor Driven-Hydraulic Valve -- 8.5 Electrostructured Fluids -- 8.6 Performance Prediction -- 8.7 Applications -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- 9 Smart Biomaterials - "Out-Smarting" the Body's Defense Systems and Other Advances in Materials for Medicine -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Dumb Biomaterials - The First Generation -- 9.3 Planning and Refinement - Second Generation Biomaterials -- 9.3.1 Calcium Phosphate Ceramics -- 9.3.2 Bioactive Glasses -- 9.4 Smart Surfaces Tailored for Specific Applications - Third Generation Biomaterials -- 9.4.1 Materials-Tissue Interface -- 9.4.2 Functionalised Surfaces -- 9.4.3 Biologically Modified Surfaces -- 9.5 Really Smart Biomaterials - The Next Generation -- 9.6 Conclusions -- Bibliography -- 10 Natural Engineering - The Smart Synergy -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Intelligent Biomimetics -- 10.2.1 Sensory Mechanisms -- 10.2.2 Integration and Coding -- 10.2.3 Actuation -- 10.2.4 Implementation -- 10.3 Conclusions -- Bibliography.